









Class. 
Book 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



FRUITS 



OF THE 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 



BY 



GERRIT PARMILE WILDER 



( Revised Edition, inxluding Vol. 1, 1906. ) 

Illustrated by One Hundred and Twenty-One Half-Tone 

Plates with Descriptions of Same 



Copyright December 19()6, December 1911 
Gerrit Paramle Wilder 



Honolulu, T. H. 

Published by The Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. 

1911 






©CI.A3092T3 
MO. I 



s^ •;. j."^ 



INDEX 

PAGE. 

Persea gratissima, Avocado, Plate 1 7 

Persea gratissima, Avocado. Plate II 9 

Persea gratissima, Gautamala Avocado, Plate HI 1] 

Puuica Grauatum, F^omegranate, Plate IV I3 

Ficus ('arica. Common var., Plate V lo 

Ficus Carica, Plate VI 17 

Fieus C'arico, White, Plate VII ]9 

Jambosa malacceusis. Mountain apple. Plate VIII 21 

Jambosa sp., Plate IX 1 23 

Jambosa sp.. White var., Plate X 25 

Jambosa sp., Red var., Plate XI 27 

Eugenia Jambos. Rose apple, Plate XII 29 

Eugenia brasilieusis, Plate XIII ' 31 

Eugenia uuiflora, Plate XIV 33 

Eugenia sj)., Plate XV [ 35 

Syzygium Jambolana, Plate XVI 37 

Syzygium Jambolana, Plate XVII 39 

Averrhoa Carambola, Plate XVIII 4] 

Achras Sapota, Plate XIX 43 

Casimiroa edulis, Plate XX 45 

Prunus Persica. Plate XXI 47 

C'hrysophyllum ('ainito, Plate XXII 49 

Chrysophyllum ("ainito, Plate XXIII 51 

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, Plate XXIV.., 53 

Mimusops Eleugi. Plate XXV ............[ 55 

Spondias duleis. Plate XXVI 57 

Spondias lutea, Plate XXVTI ! ! ! . ^ 59 

Mammea Americana, Plate XXVIII !!.!.! 61 

Tamarindus indica, Plate XXIX !.!'.! 63 

Durio zibethiuus, Plate XXX ..........' 65 

Cotfea arabica, Plate XXXI 67 

Coffea liberica, Plate XXXII 69 

riau.sena Wampi. Plate XXXIII . . , 71 

Physalis peruviana, Plate XXXIV 73 

Carica Papaya, Plate XXXA' 75 

Carica Papaya, Plate XXXVI ..........[ 77 

Carica quercifolia, Plate XXX VTI 79 

Citrus Japonica, A'ar. Hazara, Plate XXXVIII . . . . 81 

Citrus Japonica, Plate XXXIX 83 

Citrus Nobilis, Plate XL 85 

Citrus medica, var. Limetta, Lime, Plate XLI 87 

Citrus medica, var. Limonum, Lemon, Plate XLII 89 

Citrus medica, var. Lim-onum (Rough skin), Plate XLIII . 91 

Citrus Aurantium, Sinense. Waialua Orange. Plate XLIV 93 

Citrus Aurantium, Bahia, or Xavel Orange, Plate XLV 95 

Citrus Decumana, Pomelo, or Shaddock, pear shaped, var Plate 

XLVI \.; : 97 

Citrus Decumana, Pomelo, or Shaddock, round var., Plate XLVII. ... 99 

Artocarpus incisa, Hawaiian var.. Plate XLVIIT lOl 

Artocarpus incisa, Samoan var., Plate XLIX . . . . 103 

Artocarpus incisa, Tahitian var., Plate L 105 

Artocarpus incisa, P'ertile Breadfruit, Plate LI , , . . 107 

Artocarpus integrifolia. Jack fruit, Plate LTI 109 

Anona muricata, Plate LIII m 

Anona Cherimolia, Plate LIV II3 

Anona reticulata, Plate LV ' . " ' 11.5 

Anona squamosa, Plate LVI nj 

Psidium Guayava pomif erum, Plate LVII "... 119 

Psidium Guayava, Sweet red, Plate LVIII 121 

Psidium Guayava, White lemon guava, Plate LIX 123 

Psidium Guayava jnriferum, Waiawi, Plate LX: . 125 



PA(iE. 

Psidium Cattlevanum. Strawberry guava. Plate LXI 127 

Psidium Cattlevamnu, var. lueidum. Plate LXIT 129 

Psidium molle.' IMate LXIII 131 

Maiigifera iiulica, common mango, Plate LXIV 133 

Mangifera indica, Manini mango, Plate LXV 13o 

Mangifera indica, No. 9 mango, Plate LXVI 137 

Musa, Plate LXVII 139 

Morinda citrifolia "Noni", Plate LXVIII 141 

Vaccininm reticiilatum ' ' Ohelo ' ', Plate LXIX 143 

Solanum pimpinellifolium, currant tomato, Plate LXX 145 

Solanum Lvcopersicum, grape t'omato, Plate LXX 145 

Solanum uodiflorum ' ' Popolo ' ', Plate LXXI 147 

Aleurites moluccana "Kukui", Plate LXXII 149 

Terminalia Tatappa "Kamani", Plate LXXIII 151 

Calophyllum inopliyllum "Kamani", Plate LXXIV 153 

Noronhia eniarginata. Plate LXXV 155 

Oastanea sativa. fhestnut, Plate LXXVI 157 

Inocarpus edulis, Plate LXXVII 159 

Canariuni commune. Canary nut, Plate LXXVTII 161 

Canarium commune. Canary nut, round var., Plate LXXIX 163 

Macadamia ternifolia, Queensland nut, Plate LXXX 165 

Macadamia sp. " " Plate LXXXT 167 

Aegle Marmelos, Bhel or Bael fruit, Plate LXXXIT 169 

Diospyi'os decandra, Brown persimmon, Plate LXXXTIT 171 

Lucuma Eivicoa, Plate LXXXIV 173 

Eri'obotrya Japonica, Loquat, Plate LXXXV 175 

Lit^'hi Chinensis, Lichee fruit. Plate LXXXVI 177 

Euphoria Lougana, Plate LXXXVIT 179 

Morns nigra. Mulberry, Plate LXXXYIII 181 

Garcinia mangostana, Mangosteen. Plate LXXXIX 183 

Gareinia Xanthochymus. Pate XC 185 

Bunchosia sp.. Plate XCT 187 

Malpighia glabra, Barbados cherry, Plate XCII 189 

Theobroma Cacao, Cocoa tree, Plate XCIII 191 

Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Plate XCIV 193 

Monstera delieiosa, Plate XCV 195 

Anacardium 'occidentale, Plate XCVI 197 

Zizyphus Jujuba, Jujube, Plate XCVII 199 

Phvllanthus emblica, Plate XCVIII 201 

Phvllanthus distichus, Otaheiti Gooseberry, Plate XCIV 203 

Olea Europea, Olive, Plate C ". 205 

Vitis Labrusca, Isabella grape, Plate CI 207 

Pyrns Sinensis, Sand pear. Plate CII 209 

Passiflora quadrangularis, Granadilla, Plate CIII 211 

Passiflora edulis ' ' Lilikoi ' '. Plate CIV 213 

Passiflora lauriflolia, Yellow^ water lemon, Plate CV 215 

Passiflora Alata, Plate CVI 217 

Passiflora, var. foetida, Plate CVII 219 

Cereus triangularis, Plate CVI II 221 

Kigelia pinnata, Plate CIX 223 

Phoenix dactylifera, Plate CX 225 

Phoenix dactylifera, Plate CXI 227 

Acrocomia sp., Plate CXII 229 

Cocos nucifera, coco nut palm, Plate CXIII 231 

Cordia C'ollococca, Clammy cherry, Plate CXIV 233 

Flacourtia cataphracta, Plate CXV 235 

Atalantia buxifolia. Plate CXVI 237 

Bumelia sj).. Plate CXVII 239 

Oehrosia elliptica, Plate CXVIII 241 

Ananas sativus. Pineapple, Plate CXIX 243 

Oi)untia Tuna, Prickly pear ' ' Panini ' '. Plate CXX 245 

Prosopis Juliflora, Plate CXXI 247 



PREFACE 

My original intention with regard to this work, was to 
pubhsh it in a series of three volumes; and to that end, the first 
volume was presented to the public in 1 906. 

Smce that time, however, I have deemed it advisable, for 
various reasons, to incorporate all my data in one volume. 

I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness for help in my 
researches, to various works on Horticulture, and to many of my 
personal friends who have given me valuable assistance. 

I trust that this work will prove of some interest, as I believe 
that it contains a fairly comprehensive list of both the indigenous 
and naturalized Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands. 

GERRIT PARMILE WILDER. 



a. P. W. Collection. 

Pii'sca u^rafissiiiia. 

AVOCADO, PALTA OR ALLIOATOR PEAR. 

Cirown in the garden of Gerrit Wilder. 



Plate I 




Plate I. — Avocado. 



G. P. W. CoUectioi). Pr.ATE II 

Per sea i^rafissiina. 

AVOCADO. 

This spreading evergreen tree is a native of Tropical America. 
In the Hawaiian Islands, the first trees of its kind were said to 
have been planted in Pauoa Valley, Oahu, by Don Marin. It at- 
tains a height of from 10 to 40 feet, and is adverse to drought. 
Its leaves are elliptico-oblong, from 4 to 7 inches in length. The 
flowers are greenish-yellow and downy. The fruit, which ripens 
from June until November, is a round or i)ear-shaped drupe, 
covered with a thin, rather tough skin, which is either green or 
purple in color. The flesh is yellow, firm and marrow-like, and 
has a delicious nutty flavor. The seed-cavity is generally large, 
containing one round or oblong seed, covered by a thin, brown, 
parchment-like skin. The quality of the pear is judged, not only 
by its flavor, but by the presence or absence of strings or fibre 
in the meat, and also by the quantity of flesh as compared to the 
size of the seed. Innumerable variations as to size, shape, and 
quality have been produced from seedlings — some of which may 
be seen in the accompanying illustration. The Avocado is easily 
reproduced by budding and grafting, and the best varieties may 
be obtained in this manner. 




Plate II.— Avocado. 

One third iiatural size. 



10 



O. p. W. Collection. PlATE III 

Pcrsca gratissiina. 

Gl^VTAMALA AVOCADO. 

This variety is a native of Mexico, and although known as the 
Cniatamala Avocado, it is more commonly to be found in the 
markets of the City of Mexico. Its leaves are purplish-green. 
The flowers, which appear in May and June, are like those of the 
preceding- variety ; and the drupe, which matures in the early 
part of .the year, lias a long stem. This fruit is round, from 
3 to 5 inches in diameter, has a thick, tough, rough rind, which 
when ripe is a deep claret color, and the meat, which is a golden- 
yellow, is tinged with purple next to the rind, and is free from 
strings or fibres. There are but two trees of this variety bear- 
ing" fruit in Honolulu. They were propagated from seeds brought 
here in 1890 by Admiral Beardsley. These two trees are grow- 
ing in private gardens. 



11 




Plate III. — Avocado. 
One half natur,Tl size. 



a. p. W. Collection. Plate IV 

Punica Granatum. 

POMEGRANATE. 

The name was derived from the word punicus, of Carthai>"e, 
near which city it is said to have been discovei ed ; hence makim- 
punicum, Apple of Carthage, which was the early name of the 
Pomegranate. It is a native of Northern Africa, and of South- 
western Asia, and is grown in the Himalayas up to an elevtaion 
of 6000 feet. It is a deciduous shrub, which by careful training 
can be made to grow into a tree from 10 to 15 feet high. Many 
shoots spring from the base of the tree, and should be cut away, 
as they draw the sap which should go to the fruit-bearing stems 
The branches are slender, twiggy, nearly cylindrical, and some- 
what thorny. The bark contains about ^2 per cent, tannin, and 
is used for dying the yellow iNIorocco leather. The peel of the 
fruit serves also as a dye. There are several varieties of Pome- 
granate growing in Hawaii ; the double-tlovvering variety is pop- 
ular as an ornamental plant. All of the varieties are of easy cul- 
ture, and are readily propagated by means of cuttings of the ripe 
wood. The leaves are lanceolate, glabrous, and a glossy-green 
with red veins. The flowers are axillary, solitary or in small 
clusters, and in color are a very showy rich orange-red. The 
fruit is about the size of an ordinary orange, has a persistent 
calyx, and is made up of many small compartments arranged in 
two series, one above the other. The crisp, sweet, watery pink 
pulp enveloping each seed is the edible portion of the Pome- 
Sfranate. 



13 




Plate IY. — Pomegranate. 
One half natural size. 



II 



0. I', ir. CollecHon. Pl.A TE V 

Ficiis Cai'ica (common variety). 

FIG. 

The b'lg is the mo.st ancient, as well as one of the most valuable 
of all fruit trees. Its name is nearly the same in all European 
languages. The tree is supposed to be a native of Caria in Asia 
Minor. The intelligent cultivators of Anatolia, by whom the 
Smyrna Figs are produced, adhere to the caprification process, 
used from time immemorial. In California, efforts have been 
made to test this process. In the Hawaiian Islands, the Portti- 
guese seem to be the most ssuccessful cultivators of the Fig, and 
several varieties are to be found throughout the group. This 
common variety grows to a height of from 10 to 20 feet, is hardy, 
and can easily be propagated from cuttings. Its leaves are alter- 
nate, 3 to 5 deeply lobed ,and are shed during the fall months, at 
which season careful pruning will increase the following year's 
yield. The fruit is single, appearing from the axils of the leaves, 
on the new wood. It is a hollow, pear-shaped receptacle, contain- 
ing man)' minute seeds, scattered throughout a soft, ])inkish- 
white pulp. 



15 




Plate Y. — Fig. 

One half natural size. 



16 



0. P. If. Collection. PlATE VI 

I'iciis Carica. 

FIG. 

Some years ago, this variety of Fig was to be found growing 
in large numbers at IMakawao, and in the Kula district of Maui. 
Now, however, there are few, if any, trees remaining, as a de- 
structive bhght, together with the lack of proper attention, has 
caused their extermination. This variety is very prolific. The 
fruit is small, pear-shaped, and has a particularly sweet and 
delicious flavor. 



]7 




Plate VI. — Fig. 

One half natural size. 



18 



0. I'. )l'. Collection. PLATE VII 

Ficiis Carica (white or lemon variety). 

FIG. 

This is a low-growing tree with compact foliage. The leaves 
are small, and the fruit is ronnd-turbinate, about 1 to Ij/S inches 
in diameter. The skin is very thin, is light-green in color, turning 
to a greenish-yellow when thoroughly ripe. The pulp is pink, 
very sweet, and when quite ripe is free from milky juice. This 
variety is also prolific, is easily dried, and on this account would 
find a readv sale in our markets. 



w 




Plate XU.—Fig. 
One half natural size. 



20 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE VIII 

Janibosa malaccriisis. 

MOUNTAIN APPLE, "OHIA AI." 

This tree is found on all the large islands of the Polynesian 
groups, and in the Malaysian Archipelago. In the Hawaiian 
Islands it confines itself almost entirely to the moist, shady val- 
leys, and thrives well, up to an elevation of 1800 feet. It is gen- 
erally gregarious, and on the north side of East Maui it forms a 
forest belt. It attains a height of from 25 to 50 feet. Its dark, 
shiny, glabrous leaves are opposite, elliptico-oblong, and from 
6 to 7 inches long, and from 2^ to 3 inches broad. The flowers 
are crimson, fluffy balls, appearing in March and April, on the 
naked branches and upper trunk of the tree. The fruit, which 
ripens from July until December, generally contains one seed, is 
obovate, about 3 inches in diameter. The skin is so thin as to be 
barely perceptible, and the fruit is very easily bruised. In color, 
it is a deep, rich crimson, shading into pink and white ; the pulp 
is firm, white, and juicy, with a very agreeable flavor. 




Plate VIIl.— Mountain Apple. 
One third natural size. 



2si 



a. r. W. CoUevtiitn. Plate IX 

Jainbosa sp. (Solomon Island variety). 

WATER -VrPLE. 

This low-growing' tree is very rare in the Hawaiian Islands. 
It was introduced here, from the Solomon Islands, by Mr. A. 
Jaeger. The foliage and crimson flowers resemble those of the 
Jainbosa Jiialacccnsis, but the drupe is not so highly colored, and 
is, in shape, much more elongated. Specimens of this sweet, 
edible fruit have measured 5 inches in lenoth. 




Platk IX.— Water Apple. 
One fourth natural size. 



u 



G. P. W. Collection. PLATE X 

Jamboso sp. (white variety). 

WATER APPLE. 

This tree is a native of the Malay Islands. The foliage is 
symmetrical, and its opposite, shiny leaves are broad, lanceolate, 
and obtusely-acuminate. The pure white flowers, which .bloom 
from March until June, are about ^-inch in diameter, and are 
produced in bunches on the naked branches. The fruit, which 
is also produced in bunches, ripens in October. It is transversely 
oval in shape, about 1 to 1>4 inches in diameter at its largest end. 
It contains from 1 to 3 seeds. Even when quite ripe, the fruit 
remains pure white in color, and has a tart, insipid flavor. 



25 




Plate X. — Water Apple. 

One half natural size. 



S6 



O. P. W. Cnlhction. PlATE XI 

Jaiiibosa sp. (red variety). 

WATER APPLE. 

This low-growing" tree with its bright evergreen fohage, is not 
common in Hawaii. The flowers are small, deep crimson, and 
appear on the branches either singly or in bunches. The con- 
trast between these brilliant lowers and the fresh green leaves 
makes a very beautiful sight when the tree is in full bloom. The 
fruit, which ripens in July, appears in clusters ; it is the same shape 
as that of the preceeding variety, but in color it is a bright scarlet. 
It contains from 1 to 3 seeds, which are somewhat difficult to 
germinate. The fruit is crisp, watery, and has a sub-acid flavor. 



27 




Plate XI. — Water Apple. 
One third r.atural size. 



O. p. W. Collection. , PlatE XII 

Eugenia Jambos. 

ROSE APPLE. 

This evergreen tree, which is a native of the West Indies, is 
of medium size, reaching a height of from 20 to 30 feet. It 
grows well in Hawaii, and is found at an elevation of 2000 feet. 
It is propagated from seed, as well as from cuttings of the ripe 
wood. The leaves are lanceolate, acuminate, thick and shiny. 
The large, fluffy flowers which appear from January until April, 
are produced freely, and are a beautiful creamy-white. The fruit 
is a somewhat compressed, globular shell, varying in size from 
1 to 2 inches in diameter, and with a large cavity, containing 
generally one seed. This shell, which is the edible portion of the 
fruit, is a light creamy-yellow, with a tinge of pale-pink on one 
side ; it requires from 2 to 2j/< months to mature. It is firm, crisp, 
and has a delicious flavor, somewhat resembling an apricot, and 
with a rose odor. The season for the fruit varies according to 
the elevation, but generally ends abort August or September. 




Plate XII. — Bose Apple. 

One half natural size. 



G. P. W. Collection. Pl.ATE XIII 

Eugenia brasiliciisis. 

BRAZILIAN PLUM, OR SPANISH CHERRY. 

This evergreen shrub, or low-growing" tree, which in many 
countries is said to reach a height of but 6 feet, in Hawaii attains 
a height of 20 feet ; and although it thrives in comparatively high 
altitudes, it bears best below the 200-foot elevation, and requires 
considerable moisture. The ijiuntisli. dark, shiny leaves, which 
are scale-like along the branches, are obovate, oblong, and about 3 
inches in length. The blossoming season var.es according to the 
location ; however, the tree generally has flowers and fruit from 
July until December. The fruit is the size of a cherry, is deep 
purple in color, and the persistent calyx is very prominent. The 
sweet pulp has a very agreeable flavor. 

Probably the first plants of this variety were brought here by 
Don Marin, about a century ago. Some fine trees may be found 
in Pauoa and Makiki valleys, and also in Nuuanu, in the garden 
which formerlv belonafed to Dr. Hillebrand. 



31 




Plate XIII. — Brazilian Hum, or Spa)iish Cherry. 
One half natural size. 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE XIV 

Eugenia iiniHora. 

FRENCH CHERRY. 

This shrub is said to be a native of Brazil. In Hawaii, it is a 
common garden plant, sometimes reaching a height of 10 feet. 
Its glossy leaves are ovate-lanceolate, and its peduncles short. 
It has small, ^dngle, white fragrant flowers. The mature fruit, 
which resembles a cherry, is about 1 inch in diameter, and is 
ribbed longitudinally. It has a delicious, spicy, acid flavor. 
There is generally one large, round, smooth seed. 




Plate XIV. — French Cherry. 
One third natural size. 



a. p. ir. Collection. Pl.ATE X\' 

Eugenia sp. 

This is a small JNIalayaii tree which is rare in Hawaii. It has 
regular, opposite, large, broad leaves ; with the stems and branches 
four-sided. The purplish-white flowers are produced in clusters. 
The waxy light-green fruits, with a persistent calyx, resem- 
ble a small guava. These fruits have a very tough, pithy skin 
and pulp combined, which is edible, but too dry to be agree- 
able. The seed is large in proportion to the size of the fruit. 



35 




Plate XA". — Eugenia sp. 

Ov.e half nati:r.il size. 



36 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE XVI 

Sy:;yginm Jainbokuia. 

J.VVA PLUM. 

This tall, hardy tree is a native of Southern Asia. In Polynesia 
it grows well, up to an elevation of 5000 feet. It is a very com- 
mon tree in the Hawaiian Islands. Its leaves, which are from 
4 to 6 inches long, and from 2 to 3 inches broad, are opposite, 
obtuse or shortly-acuminate. The flowers, which bloom in June, 
July and August, are white and quite fragrant, and are especially 
attractive to the honey-bee. The oblong fruit grows in large 
clusters, ripens from September until November, and varies in 
size from a cherry to a pigeon's egg. It is purplish-black in 
color, and is edible only when thoroughly ripe. It contains one 
large, oblong seed. 




Plate XVI. — Java Plum. 
One half size. 



G. P. ]V. CoUccfion. Plate XVII 

Sy::yiiiiiiii Jaiiibolaiia (small variety). 

J.WA PLTM. 

This tree, which is also very common in the Hawaiian Islands, 
is said to have been introduced by Dr. Hillebrand. It bears but 
one crop a year, will grow in any sosil, and withstands dry 
weather. The folia:;e is smaller than that of the preceeding 
variety ; its leaves are narrower, and a lighter green in color. It 
blooms at about the same time of year, but its flowers are not as 
large, and appear in thick bunches. The purplish fruit ripens 
from September until December . 



39 




Plate A'VII.— J«i-« Plui 
One half natural size. 



40 



G. P. W. Collection. PlatE XV'III 

Avcrrhoa Corainbola. 

This tree, which is said to have been named after Averrhoes, 
an Arabian physician, is a native of Insular India, and is much 
cultivated in India and China. It is evergreen, with dense foliage, 
and grows to a height of from 15 to 20 feet. It is easily propa- 
gated from seeds, and fruits in about three years. In Hawaii it 
bears one crop annually, the flowers appearing in July and the 
fruit in November and December. The leaves are alternate, odd- 
pinnate. The flowers, which are borne in clusters on the naked 
stems and branches, are minute, fragrant, and in color shading 
from a pale pink to a deep purplish-red. The fruit, varying in 
size from a hen's egg to an orange, is ovate, and has five acutely- 
angled longitudinal ribs. The fragrant, light-yellow skin is very 
thin, and the pulp is watery ; it contains a number of flat, brown 
seeds. This fruit is of two varieties : the sweet, which may be 
eaten raw, and the acid which is delicious when preserved. A 
very appetizing pickle may be made from the half-ripe fruit of 
the acid varietv. 



4i 




Plate XA'III. — Avcrrhoa CaramboJa. 
One half natural size. 



(/. p. w. CoU.-ctioH. Plate XIX 

Achras So pot a. 

SAPODILLA, OR NASEliERRV. 

This tree, which grows on ahiiost all of the Islands of the 
Hawaiian group, is a fine evergreen, growing to a height of from 
10 to 20 feet, and producing a fruit which is much prized in warm 
countries. The bark possesses tonic properties, and from the 
juice chewing-gum is made. Its foliage is dense, and the shiny 
leaves are thick, lance-oblong, entire, and clustered at the ends 
of the branches. The flowers, which are small, whitish, and per- 
fect, are borne on the rusty pubescent growths of the season. The 
fruit, of which there are two varieties, the round and the oblong, 
is about the size of a hen's egg. It has a rough skin, the color 
of a russet apple, beneith which is a firm, somewhat stringy, 
sweet pulp, having the' flavor of an apricot. This pulp is divided 
into 10 to 12 compartments, and contains from 4 to 6 large, flat, 
smooth, black seeds. 




Plate XIX. — Sapodilla, or Nascbirry. 
One half natural size. 



44 



a. p. W. Collection. Plate XX 

Casiuiiroa cdniis. 

WHITE SAPOTA. 

This tree, which is a native of Mexico, is said to have been 
named after Cardinal Casimiro Gomez. The first tree of its 
kind in Hawaii was planted in 1884, at the Government Nursery, 
Honolulu. The seed came from Santa Barbara, California, where 
there grows today, a tree more than eighty years old, and which 
still bears its fruit. It is a tall evergreen with irregular branches ; 
its digitate leaves are dark and glossy. The trunk is ashen-grey, 
with warty excrescences. The fruit, which matures in April and 
May, is large, 1 to 4 inches in diameter ; it is depressed-globular 
and somewhat ribbed, like a tomato ; in color it is a light-green, 
turning to a dull yellow when ripe, and it has a very thin skin. 
The pulp is yellow, resembling that of an over-ripe papaia, and 
has a melting, peach-like flavor. It contains from 1 to 3 large, 
oblonsf seeds, which are said to be deleterious. 



45 




Plate XX. — White Supota. 
One fourtli iiiitui-al size. 



u 



G. P. w. Coilfction. Plate XXI 

Pniiiiis Pcrsica. 

PEACH. 

The Peach-tree is said by some authorities to be indigenous to 
Persia, while by others it is claimed to be a native of China. It 
is a hardy tree, and has be?n known to bear fruit precociously 
even in the second year after planting". If allowed to do so, the 
Peach will grow to a height of about 15 feet; but it should be 
pruned annually, in order to secure a good crop. Its leaves are 
lanceolate and coarsely serrate. The flowers are solitary, pink in 
color, and appear before the leaves. The fruit is soft and 
pubescent at maturity. The stone is deeply pitted and very hard. 
There are two well-marked varieties, the cling-stone and the 
free-stone. 

Ulupalakua and Makawao, Maui, once had the reputation of 
growing finely-flavored seedling peaches ; however, many of these 
trees have been injured bv cattle, and others have been destroyed 
by root-fungus and insect pests. In several localities in Hawaii 
good peaches have been grown from imported varieties. 



47 




Plate XXI. — Peach. 
One half natural size. 



48 



O. P. W. Collection. PlATE XXIL 

Clirysol'hyllitiii Caiiiito (purple variety). 

STAR APPLE. 

This tree is a native of the West Indies, and ahhough not com- 
mon in Hawaii, there are good specimens to be found in many 
gardens. It has large irregular spreading branches, grows to a 
height of from 10 to 25 feet, and has rather thick foliage. Propa- 
gation is ordinarily effected by seeds, which germinate readily, 
when fresh. It can also be grown from cuttings of the ripe wood. 
The tree derives its name from the words "chrysos," gold, and 
"phyllon," a leaf ; referring to the golden-russet color of the 
under-side of the beautiful, glossy green leaves. The small 
flowers, which appear from June until October, are solitary at 
the nodes or in fascicles. The fruit, which ripens in April, is 
round, about 3 inches in diameter, has a smooth, tough rind, about 
1-16 inch thick, which is a deep purple in color. A cross-section 
of the fruit shows the edible pulp with its numerous black seeds, 
and the star-shaped core, from which the fruit derives its com- 
mon name of Star Apple. Unless the fruit is thoroughly ripe, 
its milky juice is remarkably astringent. 



49 




Plate XXII.— ^^or Apple. 

One half natural size. 



50 



G. P. W. CoUectinn. PlATE XXIII 

CJirysopliylhiDi Ca'uiito (white variety). 

STAR APPLE. 

This tree, which bears its fruit in from four to five years, has 
about the same characteristics as tliat of the preceding variety. 
The fruit is somewhat larger, and is not quite so sweet. In color 
it is pale green, shaded with purple. 



51 




Plate XXIII.— ^far Apple. 
One half natural size. 



G. P. W. CoUection. PlATE XXIV 

Chrysophyllum monopyrcn um. 

This small tree, which is indigenous to the West Indies, is also 
a native of Southern Florida, and is to be found as an ornamental 
plant in many localities of tropical America. In Jamaica it is 
called the "Damson Plum." Its samll, single, white flowers are 
highly perfumed. The fruit, which matures from August until 
December, is small, ovoid-oblong, and when ripe is purplish- 
black ; when bruised it emits a white, sticky juice. l! contains one 
large seed. Specimens of this tree are to be found growing in 
the grounds of the Queen's Hospital and at the Government 
Nursery, Honolulu. 




Plate XXIV. — ChrysopliyUum monopyrenum. 
One half natural size. 



fti 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE XXV 

~ Mimusops Elcngi. 

This handsome evergreen tree, with its bright, glossy leaves, 
is very suitable for hedges and tor windbreaks. It lias alternate, 
elliptic leaves 3 to ^lA, inches long. The small, solitary flowers, 
have many creamy-white petals, and are very fragrant; from them 
|:erfun-)e is obtained by distill?tion. The yellow fruit is about the 
shape and size of a small olive, and contains a dry, mealy pulp 
which is edible, and the large, fint, brown seed yield an oil. 




Plate XXV. — Mimitsops Elengi. 
One half natural size. 



56 



G. P. w. Coliertion. Plate XXVI 

Spoiidias diilcis. 
" wi." 

This deciduous tree is said to be a native of the Society Islands, 
and is common to the tropics of both hemispheres. It is a large, 
spreading and graceful tree, reaching a height of from 30 to 50 
feet. Its pinnate leaves are green and glossy ; the leaflets are 
oval-oblong and opposite. The foliage is shed from December 
until April. The flowers are paniculate, small, and greenish- 
white. The fruit, which ripens from November until April, is 
a fleshy drupe, oval in shape, from 1 to 3 inches in diameter ; it 
has a thin, smooth, golden-yellow skin, which has a rather sour 
disagreeable odor. The fleshy pulp is light yellow, is mellow 
when quite ripe, and has a sub-acid delicious flavor, compared by 
some to the pineapple. Within this pulp is embedded a 1 to 5 
loculed, bony endocarp, which contains generally one seed. This 
endocarp is covered with fibres which penetrate the pulp. The 
first Wi tree in Hawaii was planted at the residence of Mr. John 
S. Walker, Nuuanu A'allev. 



51 




Plate XXVI. — Spondias dulcis. 

One third natural size. 



O. p. W. Collection. Pl.ATE XXVI 1 

Spoiidias liitca. 

HOG PLUM. 

This tree is distribntecl over Tropical America, West Africa 
and Java, where it is commonly called the ¥\o-^ Plum, and is used 
for fattening swine. In Jamaica it grows well, up to an elevation 
of 40C0 feet. It is a large, graceful tree, about 50 feet high, with 
spreading branches, and it is particularly beautiful when in fruit. 
The pinnate leaves are a clear green, the leaflets are ovate-hn- 
ceolate, and the golden-yellow fruit hangs in clusters. It ripens 
in September and October. The fruit is ovoid, about 1 inch lona:; 
it has a smooth skin, having a disagreeable odor. There is one 
large seed, which resembles the husk of a ground-nut. This fruit 
is cooling and aromatic. To my knowledge there are but two 
trees of this kind in bearing in the Hawaiian Lslands, and these 
are growing in private grounds in Honolulu. 




Plate XXYII.— Hog Plum. 
One half natural size. 



60 



G. P. TT. Collection. PlatE XXVIII 

Mammca Americana. 

MAMMEE APPLE. 

The Alamniee Apple, which grows well in Hawaii, is a native 
of the West Indies, and is a fruit much esteemed in tropical coun- 
tries. In Jamaica it thrives well, up to an elevation of 3000 feet. 
The tree attains a height of from 30 to 40 feet, and the wood, 
which is beautifully grained, is durable and well adapted to build- 
ing purposes. Its leaves are rigid and leathery. The round 
seeds, varying in number from 1 to 4, germinate freely, and the 
young plants are easily raised. The fruit is from 3 to 6 inches in 
diameter, is brown or russet color, and has a yellow pulp, 
which is sweet and aromatic. The outer rind, as well as the pulp 
immediately surrounding the seeds, is very bitter. The fruit 
may be eaten raw, and is very delicious when preserved. 



61. 




Plate XXVIII Mammee Apple. 

One fourth natural size. 



G. p. w. Coih'ction. Plate XX J X 

Taiiiari)idus iiidica. 

TAMARIND. 

The name is derived from Tamar, Arabic for Date, and Indus, 
Indian ; thus hteraUy meaning" IncHan Date. It is a native of the 
Indies, Egypt and Arabia. The tree is never leafless, and the 
foHage is graceful, jiinnated and acacia 1 ke. It bears one crop a 
year, the season varying somewhat according to the location and 
elevation. It yields a handsome, hard and close-grained furniture 
wood, which is yellowish-white, with occasional red stresks in it; 
the heart-wood is dark brownish-purple. The pods are thick, 
linear, dark brown in color, and from 3 to 6 inches long. The 
seeds vary in number. The pulp surrounding the seeds has a 
pleasant acid flavor, and when made into syrup, forms the basis of 
a delicious, cooling beverage. This pulp is called the fruit, while 
the pod is spoken of as the shell. The Tamarind is propagated 
from both seeds and cuttings, and is undoubtedly one of the 
noblest of our tropical trees. 



63 




Plate XXIX.— Tamarind. 
One half natural size. 



61 



G. P. w. Collection. Plate XXX 

Diirio zibcthmus. 

DURION. 

This fine tree attains a height of from 60 to 80 feet; it derives 
its name from the Malay word "dury," a thorn, in reference to 
the prickly covering of the fruit. The leaves, which are a light, 
glossy green on the upper surface, are alternate, entire, elliptical 
and acute. The yellowish-white flowers are large. The fruit, 
which is either globular or oval, sometimes measures 10 inches 
in length. It has a hard rind, covered with thorny warts or spines, 
and externally looks not unlike a breadfruit. . When ripe, it is 
brownish-yellow, and, when opened at its lower end, shows five 
longitudinal sections or cells, each containing from 1 to 4 seeds 
about the size of a pigeon's tgg. The edible pulp surrounding 
the seeds is firm and cream-colored. The Durion is remarkable 
for its combination of an absolutely delicious flavor and an abom- 
inably offensive odor. To my knowledge there is but one tree 
in bearing in the Hawaiian Islands, and that is growing in private 
grounds at Lihue, Kauai. 



65 




Plate XXX. — Durion. 
One third natural size. 



6*6' 



a. P. w. Collection. Plate XXXI 

C off CO arabica. 

ARABIAN COFFEE. 

The Coffee-tree is said to be a native of Abyssinia. Two 
species, the Arabian and the Liberian, are now cultivated through- 
out the tropics. The use of coffee was known in Arabia long- 
before it was introduced to Europeans in the sixteenth century. 
The Dutch were the first to introduce the plant to Europe. The 
Arabian Cofifee-tree is low-growing, and bears one crop annually ; 
its laves arc elliptico-oblong, acuminate, generally from 3 to 6 
inches long, and are thin and shiny. The white flowers appear 
in clusters, and are very fragrant. The berries are ovoid, fleshy, 
and bright red. In this berry are found the two seeds, which 
constitute the coffee of commerce. The Coffee-tree was intro- 
duced into Hawaii about 1823, by a Frenchman, whos established 
a small plantation in Manoa Valley, Oahu. The tree is now well 
nnturalized in the woods of Kona, Hawaii, and elsewhere in the 
Islands, and flourishes up to an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 
feet. 



67 




Flat?: XXXL — Arabidn Coffee. 
One half Datural size. 



68 



G. P. \y. Collection. Plate XXXII 

Coffca Uhcrica. 

LIBERIAN COFFEE. 

This species is a tall grower, is highly ornamental in foliage, 
and is a rich bearer. Its leaves are from 6 to 12 inches long. The 
white flowers come in dense clusters, and are more robust and 
productive than are those of the Arabica. The berries are nearly 
spherical, and in color are a dull crimson. The pulp is large in 
proportion to the size of the seeds. Although this variety has 
not become popular in Hawaii, it is claimed that it will grow at 
a much lower elevation than will the Arabica. and the flavor is 
said to be very fine. 



69 




Plate XXXII. — Liberian Coffee. 
One half natural size. 



•71) 



o. /'. II'. Cniicciion. Plate XXX I II 

Clausciia Wanipi. 

WAMPI. 

This odorous tree is a native of Ciiina. It is a symmetrical 
evergreen with dense fohage. The Hght, mossy-green leaves are 
imparipinnate, the leaflets ovate-repand, and they are rough on 
the under surface. The flowers, which are borne in clusters, on 
the new wood, are small, yellow, and very fragrant. The fruit 
ripens from June until October ; it is about the size of a goose- 
berry ; the skin is yellowish-brown, shaded with green. The pulp 
is sub-acid with a balsamic fragrance. It contains one large seed 
about the size of a kernel of corn. There are two varieties, the 
sweet and the sour ; both may be eaten raw, and are very highly 
prized by the Chinese. I know of but two trees of this kind in 
the Hawaiian Islands ; they are of the sour variety, and are grow- 
ing in private gardens in Honolulu. 



7/ 




Plate XXXIII - ]V(impi. 
One half natural size. 



G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXXIV 

Physalis peruviana. 

CAPE GOOSEBERRY " POHA." 

This shrub, or bush, is a native of Brazil, but is naturahzed 
in many warm countries. It stands partially erect, reaching a 
height of from Ij/S to 3 feet. Its pointed leaves, heart-shaped at 
the base, are very fuzzy. The open, bell-shaped flowers are yel- 
low in color. The fruit, which is about the size of a cherry, is 
enclosed in a thin, yellow, paper-like husk, which is quite hairy. 
When ripe, the fruit is yellow, and has a delicious sub-acid pulp, 
filled with minute seeds. The Poha may be eaten raw. but is 
much more acceptable when made into jam or jelly. The dried 
fruit is said to be a substitute for yeast. In Hawaii, the Poha 
thrives best in the cool elevations. 




Plate XXXIV. — Cape Gooseberry. 
One third natural size. 



/4 



a. V. It'. VMeciwi\. Plate XXXV 

Carica Papaya. 
TAPAiA (fruit, female tree). 

The Papaia is a native of South America ; it is found in Plorida, 
and in many parts of tropical America ; it was early intro- 
duced into Hawaii, grows and bears well in almost any locality. 
h is a small tree, with a hollow, branchless trunk ; it is short- 
lived, and is suitable only to regions free from frost, and re- 
quires perfect drainage. There are two forms, the tall and 
the dwarf, but there are numerous variations as to shape and 
quality of the fruit. The soft green leaves, often measuring two 
feet across, are variously palmated, and have simple, long, hollow 
stems. The Papaya is usually dioceous ; the fruit-bearing tree is 
called the female ; it is claimed that trees of both sexes should be 
planted near each other, in order to ensure a good yield. The 
female flowers, which aj^pear from the axils of the leaves, are 
yellowish-white, single, or two or three together. 

The fruit of the Papaya ripens successively. It is either round 
or oblong, and sometimes weighs eight pounds. The skin is thin, 
and is bright yellow when ripe. The firm, yellow pulp has a de- 
licious flavor, and the milky juice contains a digestive principle 
similar to pepsin. The seed cavity is large, and is filled with 
many small seeds which are enveloped in a loose, mucous coat, 
with a brittle, pitted testa. When fresh these seeds germinate 
readilv. 



75 




Plate XXXV. — Papula (fruit, female tree). 



One fourth natural size. 



76 



a. p. W. Collection. PLATE XXXVI 

Carica Papaya. 
PAPAiA (fruit, male tree). 

The size, shape, foHage and general appearance of this tree is 
the same as that of the preceding variety. Its flowers appear on 
long stems, are funnel-shape, and have five lobes. The male tree 
sometimes produces fruit, and it is of large size and fine quality. 
A good example may be seen in the accompanying illustration. 

I know of no method whereby one can, by any selection of 
seeds, produce with any degree of certainty, plants of either male 
or female variety. 



n 




Plate XXXVI. — Fapaia {fruit, male tree.) 
One third natural size. 



78 



G. p. ir. Collection. PlATE XXXVU 

Carica qiicrcifolia. 

This species of dwarf Papaya is uf recent introduction to Ha- 
waii. It has a soft, hollow trunk, and low. spreading branches. 
The leaves are deeply lobed, of a light green color on the upper 
side, and whitish-green underneath. Flowers dioecious, yellow- 
ish-green, having five petals. Fruit the size of a large olive, 
green, and ribbed with five white stripes, changing to yellow 
when ripe. The yellow pulp, containing numerous seeds, has a 
strong pesin fiavor that is quite agreeable. 



79 




Platk XKXWL—Caricu quercifolia. 
One third iiiitmal size. 



80 



G. P. W. Collection. Plate XXXVIII 

Citrus Japoiiica. 
\'ar. " Hazara." 

CHINESE ORANGE. 

This familiar and highly ornamental tree, commonly known as 
the Chinese orange, was very early introduced to these Islands. 
It is well named Hazara ( meaning thousand of fruit ) , as it is 
one of the most prolific of the citrus family, and both green and 
ripe fruit in great quantities may be found on the same tree at 
almost any season of the year. The tree is of medium size, and 
the small, shiny leaves have short petioles. It is generaly thorn- 
less. The flowers are white and fragrant. The round fruit is a 
deep 3'ellow, and its smooth skin is very loosely attached. The 
pulp is also a deep yellow and contains many seeds, and the sour 
juice is very plentiful. The tree is hardy and free from disease 
and scale. Propagation is by seed. 



81 




Plate XXXVIII.— Chinese Orange. 

One lialf natural size. 



G. r. W. Collection. PlATE XXXIX 

Citrus Japonica. 

KUMQUAT. 

The Kumquat is a native of Cochin-China, and is also culti- 
vated in Japan, Florida, and California. It is a low-growing bush 
or shrub, having smooth, angular branches, and in both the round 
and oval varieties the dark foliage is dense and beautiful. It is 
a very prolific bearer. Its leaves are small, lanceolate, slightly 
serrate, pointed or blunt and wedge-shaped at the base. The 
small, white flowers come solitary or in clusters, the fruit varies 
in size from a large gooseberry to that of a pigeon's egg, and is 
either ovate, oblong, or spherical. It is 5 to 6 celled, has very 
little pulp, and contains many seeds. The pulp is somewhat sour, 
especially in the round varieties ; and the smooth, thick, yellow 
rind is aromatic and sweet; the Kumquat is generally preserved 
whole, and those prepared by the Chinese are very delicious. 

This ornamental citrus tree is not often seen in our gardens, 
for it is subject to scale, and to the mealy bug, which destroy the 
flowers and stunt the fruit. The Kumquat comes true to seed, 
and may also be propagated by grafting and budding. 



83 




Plate XXXiX. — Ku mquat. 
Two thirds natural size. 



Si 



G. P. W. CvUertion. PlATE XL 

Citrus Xobilis. 

MANDARIN ORANGE. 

This small tree or thornless shrub with its dense foliage is a 
native of Cochin-China, and fine specimens of this- tree, with 
its golden fruit in season, can be found in many gardens about 
Honolulu, especially those of the Chinese. Its leaves are lanceo- 
late, its petioles short. Flowers are white and fragrant. The 
fruit is compressed-spherical, apex depressed, a ridge about the 
stem. The thin peel is greenish-yellow, baggy, and separates 
readily from the sections. Pulp generally dry, sweet, juice scant, 
fruit containing many seeds. The characteristic odor of the 
leaves, twigs and fruit of all varieties of the Mandarin orange 
is easilv recocrnizable. 




Plate XL. — Mandarin Orange. 
Two thirds natural size. 



86 



(}. P. W. CoUeition. PlatE XLI 

Citrus incdica liinctta. 

LIMES. 

This small tree or bush thrives in Hawaii, and yields good 
crops. It requires a sandy, rocky soil, and does well in the shaded 
valleys. However, it is attacked by scale pests and root fungus, 
and many valuable trees are destroyed in this way. The dark 
green, shiny leaves are oval or elliptical, and emit an agreeable 
odor when bruised. The fragrant flowers are small, white, with 
an occasional tinge of pink. The fruit is small, varying in shape 
from round to elliptical. The light yellow skin is oily and very 
bitter, and the pulp is juicy and sour. The picture repre- 
senting this fruit shows several varieties, forms and shapes ; 
those on the left being the Mexican type, those on the upper right 
the Kusai lime, the latter much resembling a mandarin orange in 
shape, and has a loose skin, but the pulp is very juicy and ex- 
ceedingly sour. This lime has become very popular in Hawaii, 
grows readily from seed, and produces true. To Mr. Henry 
Swinton is due the credit of int'oducing this variety in 1885 
from Kusai, or Strong's Island, Micronesia. 



87 




Plate XLI. — Limes. 

One half natural size. 



86 



G. F. W. Collection. Plate XLII 

Citrus mcdica Uuionum. 

LEMON. 

This is a spreading tree, having ovate-oblong, fragrant leaves 
with short petioles. The flowers are small and white. The me- 
dium-sized fruit is egg-shaped, ending in a nipple-like point. The 
thin, smooth skin is aromatic. The juicy pulp is rich in citric 
acid. Many choice varieties of lemons have been introduced to 
Hawaii, but they have not thrived particularly well, because of 
the scale and insect pests which so greedily attack them ; eternal 
vigilance is necessary in order to get the fruit matured ; some 
very fine specimens, however, have been grown in Kona, at an 
elevation of 1500 feet. 



89 




Plate XLII. — Lemon. 
One half natural size. 



90 



o. i: ir. Collection. Plate XLllI 

Citrus uicdica z'ar. limoniiin. 

ROUGH-SKIN LEMON. 

This variety is very hardy, bears profusely, and requires much 
more water than does the orange. Being a strong, vigorous 
grower, it forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the 
citrus varieties. The flower is white, with a reddish tint outside. 
The fruit is generally oval, and contains many seeds. The pale 
yellow skin is rough and warty. The pulp is coarse-grained and 
very juicy. It comes true to seed. 



91 




Plate XLH[.— Bough-skin Lemon. 
One half natural size. 



O. p. ir. Collection. Pj.ate XLIV 

Citrus Aurantium Sincnsc. 

WAIALUA ORANGE. 

This tree, which grows to a height of from 20 to ZS feet, is 
cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries. Its young 
branches are pale green, angular and glabrous. The leaves are 
oblong, ovate and pointed, and the petioles are narrowly winged. 
Its flowers are white and very fragrant. This variety of orange, 
locally known as the Waialua orange, has a bright yellow fruit, 
generally round, with a coarse, thick skin, very juicy pulp, and 
numerous seeds ; and was introduced by \^ancouver and planted 
in Hanalei valley, Kauai. It is now widely disseminated through- 
out the group, and in Kona. Hawaii, grows exceptionally well. 
This orange is said to produce true to seed. 



93 




Plate XLIV. — Waialua Orawje. 
One half natural size. 



H 



G. P. W. Collection. Plate XLV 

Citrus Auraiifitiin. 

BAHIA, OR WASHINGTON NAVEL. 

This variety was first introduced into the United States from 
Brazil, and is now the most popular of all the oranges. It is cul- 
tivated extensively in California, in which State the first trees 
of its kind were planted ; for this reason it is often called the 
Riverside Navel. The fruit is large, solid, and heavy. It is seed- 
less, and has a prominent navel mark at the apex. The brilliant 
orange color of the skin is one of its characteristics. Grafted and 
budded trees of this variety of orange may be found growing in 
many localities in the Hawaiian Islands, but the fruit is not as 
fine as it should be, as, with few exceptions, it has a tendency 
to become very dry and woody. 



95 




Plate XL\'. — Bahia, or Washington Navel Orange. 
One half natural size. 



96 



6. P. W. Collection. PlatE XL VI 

Citrus Dccumana. 
POMELO OR SHADDOCK (pear-shaped var.). 

This hardy tree, with its spreading branches, grows to a height 
of from 15 to 20 feet. It is extensively cultivated in India, and 
widely distributed over the Malayan and Polynesian Islands. It 
was early introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, presumably by the 
Chinese, who seem to be especially fond of the fruit, as it is al- 
ways an important feature of their New Year's decorations. The 
leaves are large, oval or ovate-oblong, obtuse, and frequently 
emarginate, and the petiole is broadly winged. The flowers are 
large and white. This pyriform variety, which is from 6 to 8 
inches in diameter, often weighs 4 to 8 pounds. 

The pale-yellow rind is smooth, thick and very bitter, but can 
be made into a preserve. The pulp varies in color from pale 
yellow to red, and has a sub-acid, slightly bitter, flavor. 



07 




Plate XLVI. — Pomelo or Shaddock {pear-shaped var.) 
One third natural size. 



98 



a. r. w. Collection. Pl.\te XLVII 

Citrus Dccumaiia. 

POMELO OR SHADDOCK ( round var. ) 

The fruit of this round variety is smaller than that of the pre- 
ceding' variety. The light-yellow rind is coarse, spongy, thick, 
and leathery. The cells of the pulp are coarse, dry, and have a 
bitter, sub-acid flavor. There are many large, wedge-shaped 
seeds. 



99 




I'LATE XL\1I. — Pomelo or Shaddock (rojind var.) 
One third natural size. 



100 



G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XLVIII 

Artocarpus incisa. 
p.REAUFRUiT (Hawaiian var.) 

" ULU." 

The first breadfruit trees were brought from Tahiti by the 
Hawaiians who, landing at Ewa, carried them across the moun- 
tain, and presented them to one of the Chiefs of Oahu, who Hved 
at Kualoa. There they were planted and thrived. At the present 
day this variety of the breadfruit, now called the Hawaiian va- 
riety, is to be found growing wild throughout the Islands. There 
are many varieties of this handsome tree, which grows to a 
height of from 15 to 40 feet. It thrives best in hot, moist places, 
and requires a great deal of water. 

Its large ovate leaves are rough and deeply lobed. The male 
flower is a large yellow catkin. The fruit is formed from the 
female flowers, and is attached to the branches by large stems. 
In shape it is either round or oblong, varving in size from 5 to 8 
inches in diameter. The thick, tough rind is, in some varieties 
muricated, ?nd in others it is reticulated. In color it is green, 
changing to brownish when the f'uit is rii e. The pulp is fi-m. 
mealy, and somewhat fibrous, and as an article of diet is much 
esteemed. Propagation is by suckers, or by layers from the 
branches. 



101 




Plate XLVIII. — Breadfruit (Haivaiian var.) — " Ulu. 
One third natural size. 



103 



G. P. vr. Collection. Plate XLIX 

Arfocarpus incisa. 

BREADFRUIT ( Samoaii var.) 

This variety was introduced to these Islands by Mr. James 
Bicknell. Its large, oval leaves are leathery and rough, and less 
deeply lobed than are those of the Hawaiian variety. The round 
fruit has a characteristic raised ring where it is attached to the 
long stem. The yellowish-green rind is reticulated, and the 
orange-colored pulp is somewhat sticky when cooked, and is very 
sweet. This variety occasionally produces seed. 



103 




Plate XLIX. — Breadfruit (Samoan var.) 
One half natural size. 



104 



G. 1'. ir. Colh'clion. Plate L 

Artocarpus iiicisa. 
BREADFRUIT ( Tahitiaii var.) 

This variety of Tahitian breadfruit is found only in a few 
gardens in Hawaii. Its glossy green leaves are nearly entire. 
The oblong fruit has a deep yellow pulp, with very little fibre. 



105 




Plate Ij.— Breadfruit (Tahitian var.) 
One half natural size. 



106 



G. P. ^V. Cidlevtwn. PlaTE LI 

Artocarpiis iiicisa. 

FERTILE BREADFRUIT. 

This seeding variety is rarely cultivated on account of its in- 
ferior fruit. The leaves are slightly lobed. The fruit is oblong 
with a short, thick stem, and is covered with short, hard projec- 
tions. The fibrous pulp contains numerous large seeds, which 
are edible when cooked. 



ion 




Plate LI. — Fertile Breadfruit. 
One third natural size. 



108 



G. P. TF. Collection. Plate LII 

Artocarpus intcgrifolia. 

JACK FRUIT. 

This tree is a native of India and Malay. And was introduced 
to Hawaii by Mr. David Forbes of Kukuihaele, Hawaii. The 
Jack fruit is a large, handsome tree, with leaves from 4 to 6 
inches in length, which on the old growth are obovate-oblong 
and on the young branches are narrow. The oblong, irregular 
fruit, which varies in weight from 20 to 60 pounds, is borne on 
the trunk, as well as on the old branches. The green rind is 
covered with small hexagonal knobs. The pulp when ripe has 
an overpowering odor and is seldom eaten ; but the oily seeds 
when roasted are edible, and are said to resemble chestnuts. On 
Tantalus, Oahu, the Jack fruit thrives well, and has produced 
fair sized fruits. It is a tree that needs a great deal of moisture, 
and consequently is seldom grown on the low lands. 



109 




Plate LII. — Jack Fruit. 

One fourth natural size. 



110 



a. p. W. Collection. PlATE LI 1 1 

Anona mnricata. 

SOUR SOP. 

This small, hardy evergreen tree is very common in Hawaii. 
Its dark green, glabrous leaves are pointed, elliptical, and are 
shiny on the upper surface, but rusty beneath. The greenish- 
yellow flowers are usually solitary, and have a peculiar 
odor. The fruit is large, varying in weight from 1 to 15 pounds. 
In shape, it is either oblong or conical and blunt. The rough,, 
dark green, shiny skin, which is irregular in thickness, is studded 
with fleshy spines. The soft, white, cotton-like pulp is divided 
into sections, each containing a shiny, black seed, about half an 
inch long. These are very readily propagated. 



Ill 




Plate LIII. — Soar Sop. 
One third natural size. 



G. P. TT. Collection. Plate LIV 

Anona ChcrimoUa. 

CHERIMOVER. 

The Cherimoyer. a well-known fruit of the tropics, is said to 
be a native of Peru. It is naturalized in Central America, is 
hardy in the mildest coast regions of Spain, and in Jamaica is 
cultivated up to an elevation of nearly 5C00 feet. It thrives on 
the Florida Keys, and is also grown to a limited extent in South- 
ern California. The tree grows to a height of from 10 to 20 feet ; 
its branches are spreading, and the dark, shiny leaves are either 
ovate or oblong, and are sparsely hairy above and velvety be- 
neath. 

riie single petale;!, velvety-green flowers are very fragran'.. 
The fruit, which is about the size of a large orange, is heart- 
shaped and slightly flattened at the stem end. When ripe, the 
skin is a greyish-green, and is covered with slightly-raised semi- 
circular markings. The wiiite pulp, which is soft and rich, is 
divided into cells, each containing a black seed about the size of 
an ordinary bean. The Cherimoyer comes true to seed and bears 
in about three years. It is one of the most delicious fruits, and 
its delicate, slightly-acid flavor is very characteristic. The 
Cheriiuoyer was one of the earliest fruits introduced to these 
Islands, and the best specimens of its kind are grown in Kona 
and Kau, Hawaii, where it continues to propagate itself naturally 
from seed. 



113 




Plate LIV. — Cherimoyer 
One half natural size. 



114 



a. p. W. CoUpctinn. PlatE LV 

Anona reticulata. 

CUSTARD APPLE. 

This tree, which is not common in Hawaii, is rather delicate, 
and grows to a height of from 10 to 15 feet. It is a native of the 
Antilles, and is a very popular tree in the West Indies. It thrives 
in Southern California. Its leaves, which are either lanceolate 
or oblong and pointed, are glabrous above and rough beneath. 
In color they are light green and rather brittle, when bruised 
they emit a very unpleasant odor. 

The flowers are three-petaled and are greenish or yellowish, 
with purple spots at the base. Artificial pollination will in- 
duce the flowers to set and produce better crops. The heart- 
shaped fruit is from 3 to 5 inches in diameter. The skin is 
smooth, with small depressions ; when ripe, it is a pinkish-yellow 
and shading to a russet. Next to the skin the pulp is soft and 
creamy-yellow, while toward the center it is quite white. The 
flavor is sweet and delicious. There are numerous smooth, black 
seeds. This fruit, like its cousin the Cherimoyer grows true to 
seed. 



i?. 







r^ 






^ f : ■ * 






^i^^y 






V ^^cJ 






^k! t^ 




W -^ 


^E^ik 


^^^^ijPI 


wst ^^ 


nv^ 




^ - 


l^ft ,-9 ^^^^ ~^^^ ^^^^^^^ 


\ 


1 


r 



Plate IjV.— Custard Apple. 
One third natural size. 



116 



O. p. W. CoUertion. PlATE LVI 

Aiiona sqitaiiiosa. 

SUGAR APPLE SWEET SOC. 

This small tree is native of the West Indies, from which coun- 
try the plants found growing in many of our gardens in these 
Islands were imported. The thin leaves are ovate-oblong-, and 
are very slightly hairy on both sides. The greenish flowers are 
about an inch long. The fruit which is from 3 to 4 inches in 
diameter, is the shape of a pine cone ; it is greenish-yellow when 
ripe, and each carpel forms a slight ]x:)rtuberance. The sweet, 
creamy-white pulp is very delicious. There are numerous small 
smooth, brownish-black seeds, which germinate readily, and the 
]>lants bear fruit in from two to four years. This variety of 
anona is sensitive to drought, and thrives well at the high ele- 
vations. 



117 




Plate 'L\i.— Sugar Apple— Sice et Sop. 
One half natural size. 



118 



G. p. TT. Collection. PLATE LVII 

Psidiuui Guayava poinifcnnii. 
( Common giiava. ) 

The (lUava is an extensive genns of low-growing evergreen 
trees, found chiefly in the West Indies, South America, and 
China. The}' have become naturahzed in Hawaii, and may be 
found grc^wing wild on waste lands and by the roadside. In some 
localities growing so rank as to become troublesome. The leaves 
are oval to oliiong, usualh- accuminate, glabrous above and 
pubescent beneath, and have prominent veins. The fragrant, 
white, solitary dowers are axillary. 

The somewhat rough skin of the globose fruit is a brownish- 
yellow, and the firm, dark-pink pulp, in which is embedded 
numerous seeds, is generally acid and aromatic. This guava is 
the source of the famous guava jellv of commerce. 



119 




Plate LVII. — Fsidiuni Gnayara pomifcrum {common guava). 
Om- half natural size. 



120 



a. I', ir. Coib'riior,. Plate LVIII 

Psidiiiiii Giiayaz'a. 

( Sweet red.) 

This giiava has the same general characteristics as the pre- 
ceeding variety. It is more frequently found in valleys and 
gulches than in the open. Its red pulp is firm and sweet. 




Plate LVIIl. — Psidium Giuiyava (.^weet red). 



1^2 



G. P. W. Collection. PlatE LIX 

Psidiiim GHuyin'a. 
{ White lemon g"uava. ) 

The lemon g'uava tree grows taller and somewhat more erect 
than the others. The pear-shaped fruit is large, often 3 inches 
in length. Jt has a rough, greenish-white skin, and the white 
pulp is sweet. This is a cultivated variety, and is found growing 
in a few gardens in these Islands. 




Plate LIX. — l\sidiuiu Guayava {white lemon guava). 
One half natural size. 



a. /'. ir. CoUcrtinn. Platk I-X 

rsidiiiin Gnayai'a pyriferum. 

" WAIAWI." 

This handsome evergreen tree was an early introduced species, 
and now is very common about the islands. Grows very s}'m- 
metrically, and attains the height of 20 to 2S feet. Leaves, small, 
lanceolate, shiny, tlie trunk and branches smooth. Flowers wiiite 
and very fragrant ; fruit small, pear-shaped, pulp yellow and 
containing many seeds ; this species is very prolific, but the fruit 
is inferior. 



1S5 




Plate \^X.— "Waimvi." 

One half natural size. 



126 



G. P. W. Collerlion. Plate LXI 

Psidiitm Cafflcyaiiiiiii. 

STRAWr.ERRV GU-WA. 

One of the hardiest of the guavas, and said to be a native of 
Brazil. The date of its introduction to Hawaii is not recorded. 
and as Hillebrand makes no mention of it, it is probably of re- 
cent importation. A shrubby tree 15 to 20 feet high. Leaves 
opposite, obovate, siuall, leathery, dark-green, shiny. Flowers 
white, fragrant. Fruit spherical, about one inch in diameter, 
purple- reddish when ripe, soft, juicy pulp, which has an agree- 
able flavor, and containing" many small seeds. This fruit is used 
for making jaius and jellies, and bears a crop more or less during 
all the months of the vear. 



JS7 




Plate LXI. — Strawberry Guava. 
One half natural size. 



a. p. w. CoUecHon. Plate LXII 

Psidiiim Catflcyaiiuin. 

(var. liicidiiiii.) 

This low-growing shrub is occasionally cultivated in these 
Islands. It has opposite obovate leaves, and fragrant white 
flowers. The round fruit, which has a sweet, yellow pulp, is 
larg-er than the strawberry guava, and has a more delicate flavor. 



n'.i 





^^ 




i 




^c 




fr*H 


1 



Plate LXII. —Psirfmm Cattleyanum. 
( var. lucidum. ) 



One half natural size. 



130 



G. P. w. Collection. Plate LXIII 

Psidiiiiii iiiollc. 

This species was introduced to Hawaii by Mr. A. Jaeger; and 
a single specimen of its kind is now growing at the Old Planta- 
tion. Honolulu. It is a low-growing, slender, willow-like tree of 
straggling growth. The o])posite leaves are small, stiff and 
rough. The white flowers are fragrant. The small, round fruit 
is brownish-green, turning to a pale yellow when ripe. The white 
pulp is slightly acid, and contains many seeds. This guava is 
rather an inferior fruit. 



131 




Plate LXIII. — Psidium molle. 
One half natural size. 



i.r^ 



a. p. w. CoiU'cHon. Plate LXVI 

Maiigifcra indica. 

MANGO. 

The mango, which is a native of South Asia, is extensively 
cultivated throughout India, the Islands of the West Indies, and 
somewhat in Florida. In Hawaii it has become thoroughly nat- 
uralized, and is one of the most common trees ; growing from 
the sea level up to about 1,000 feet. 

A hot, rather dry, climate, with well-drained soil suits it best. 
It is an evergreen, shady tree of quick growing habit, sometimes 
reaching a height of 70 feet, and having a round, dense top. All 
parts of the mango tree have a resinous fragrance, that suggests 
turpentine. Its thick, shiny leaves are from 6 to 10 inches in 
length. The greenish, scented flowers are borne in large terminal 
panicles ; and these are folowecl three or four months later by 
the fruit, which is large and kidney-shaped, having a smooth, 
rather soft, pale-green skin, with tints of yellow and red. The 
large seed is nearly as long as the fruit, its shell is rough and 
fibrous, and the kernel is shaped like a bean. In the inferior 
varieties of mangoes the pulp is full of fibre and tastes strongly 
of turpentine. There are numerous varieties of the mango cul- 
tivated in Hawaii ; the fruit of which varies much in point of 
flavor, juiciness, as well as in the size and shape of the seed. 

Within the past ten years improved varieties have been im- 
ported ; notably the Alphonse, Cambodiana, Pirie, and many 
others. These have thrived well and have borne delicious fruit ; 
from them many grafts have been made and the finer grades of 
mangoes have been disseminated. Propagation is effected by 
seed, by grafting or inarching, and by budding. The mango 
as a rule does not come true to seed ; also seedlings take much 
longer to fruit than do the grafted trees. 

The illustration on the opposite page is that of the socalled 
common mango, which was brought to Hawaii from Mexico. 




Plate LXIV. — Mango. 
One third natural size. 



134 



O. I'. W. CnUeetion. Vl.ME LXV 

Mangifera iiidica. 

MANINI MANGO. 

This tree is supposed to be the first mango tree brought to 
the Hawaiian Islands. It was planted in the early part of the 
nineteenth century by Don Marin, whom the Hawaiians familiar- 
ly called " Manini." He brought to Hawaii many useful trees 
and plants ; among the number was this mango, which he planted 
in his vineyard, then known as " Ka Pa Waina." and there it 
may be found today ; a venerable tree standing about 80 feet 
high, having a spread of over 100 feet, and its trunk measuring 
15 feet in circumference. Although a prolific bearer, its fruits, 
which are borne in large clusters, are small, and of an inferior 
quality, having a thick skin and a large, hairy seed. 



135 




Pi, ATE LXV. — Manini Muityo. 
One half natural size. 



7J6 



<i. P. ir. vuiU'ction. Plate LXVI 

Mangifcra indica. 

NO. 9 MANGO. 

This mango, with its distinctive shape, is one of the few types 
that comes true to seed. The first and original tree, which was 
planted at the Government Nursery. Honolulu, was brought from 
Jamaica by Joseph Marsden, Esq. This tree is a prolific bearer, 
and its seeds have been widely distributed throughout these 
Islands. The fruit is large and regular in size, having a thick 
skin which is of a light-green color. The pulp is pale yellow, 
very juicy, and slightly acid. There is a very large, hairy seed. 



137 




Plate LXVI. — No. 9 Mango. 
Oiip half natuval size. 



138 



a. P. ir, ciirrtion. Plate LXVII 

Mnsa van tics. 

BANANA " MAI A." 

The banana, which has been cultivated from the most remote 
times, is a plant of great importance in tropical and sub-tropical 
climates, where its highly nutritious fruit is used as food. It is a 
large herbaceous, slightly shrubby, plant of very easy growth, 
having immense, gracefully-arching, undivided leaves. There 
are numerous varieties, the fruit of which differs in shape, color 
and Havor. 

As decorative plants in landscape gardening, few subjects 
ec|ual the choice species of the banana ; and on account of its 
utility, combined with its beauty, it is considered one of the most 
valuable of tropical products. Propagation is by oflf-shoots or 
suckers. When a stalk is cut, the fruit of which has ripened, 
sprouts are put forth which in time bear fruit. The enormous 
flower stalk issues from the centre of the crown of leaves, and 
curves over with its own weight. 

The flowers are arranged in a dense terminal panicle ; they 
alternate with large, reddish scales, which drop off as the fruit 
stalk develops, and the finger-like fruits are in clusters. The 
Hawaiians seem to have possessed the banana from the earliest 
times, and about fifty varieties were known to the older natives. 
However, since the year 1855, the so-called Chinese banana 
(Miisa Ca-c'cndishii), which was at that time introduced from 
Tahiti, has crowded out the native varieties, many of which are 
now extinct. 

The accom])anying cut shows a few of the different forms and 
sizes of the banana grown in I-Jawaii. 



isn 




Moa 

Popoulu 

Lele 



Plate LXVII. — Banana — ' * Maia. ' ' 
Ov.e half natural size. 



Largo 

Red Cuban 

Chinese 



1-^0 



G. P. W. Collection. p^^TE LXVTII 

Moriiida cifri folia. 

" xXONI." 

This species is found in nearly all the Pacific Islands. The 
date of its introduction to Hawaii, however, is not recorded. It 
is a small tree which grows in the low lands. Its shiny, oval 
leaves have short petioles. The white fiowers are about 1 inch 
in length. The fruit is whitish-yellow when mature, and when 
decaying it emits a very offensive odor. The seeds are interest- 
ing because they will float a great length of time in salt water, 
their buoyancv is caused bv a distinct air cell. 



/// 




Plate ljXVlU.—"Noni. 

One half natural size. 



142 



G. P. W. Collection. PlatE LXIX 

Vacciiiiurii rcficulatnm. 

" OHELO." 

This is an erect dwarf shrub growing to a height of from one 
to two feet, having stiff, crowded branches with leaves varying 
in form, from oblong to obovate, and in color from green to 
green tinged with yellow and red. The white flowers are soli- 
tary, and come mostly in the axils of the true leaves. The glo- 
bose fruit is a fleshy, shiny berry, much resembling the cran- 
berry ; in color it is yellow or pale rose, and is covered with a 
waxy bloom. 

The Ohelo thrives best in the higher elevations, from 4000 
to 8000 feet. It grows particularly well on the mountain slope? 
of Hawaii and IMaui. It is an edible berry, and is the principal 
food of the rare Hawaiian goose, now to be found in only a few 
localities. The Ohelo has always been a favorite subject of 
Hawaiian songs and legends, and was used as one of the offer- 
ings to the Goddess Pele. 



143 




Plate L,XlX.—"Ohelo. 
Natural size. 



/// 



G. P. W. Collection. Pl.ATE LXX 

Sulainim pimpincUifoIinin. 

CURRANT TOMATO. 

The first illustration on the opposite page is that of the cur- 
rant tomato ; an annual found growing wild in great profusion 
in the low lands of our valleys. It is of weak growth, very diffuse 
aid twiggy, and scarcely pubescent. Its obovate leaves are small 
with nearl}- entire leaflets, and very small secondary leaflets ; the 
elongated racemes bear from ICO to 40 small, currcint-like red ber- 
ries, which are verv sweet. 



Solan It in Lycopcrsicnin. 

GRAPE TOM.VTO. 

The second illustration is that of the grape tomato, which has 
grayish-green leaves and slender, ascending stems. The leaves 
are pinnate with small, nearly entire leaflets ; the main leaflets 
are notched or even lobed toward the base. The fruit is a bright 
red berry about half an inch in diameter, and is fresh and 
aromatic. 



U.'. 




Plate LXX. — Currant Tomato. Grape Tomato. 
One half natural size. 



146 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE LXXI 

Solanum nodiflorum. 

" POPOLO." 

This glabrous, annual, growing from 1 to 2 feet in height, is 
common to most tropical countries, and in Hawaii was probably 
of aboriginal introduction ; as the Hawaiians have many ways of 
using the fruits and the leaves, for medicinal purposes. This 
plant is found on waste land, in old pastures, and by the road- 
side. Its ovate leaves are dark green. The whitish flowers are 
small, and the fruit is a small, shiny, black berry. 



147 




Plate LXXI. — " Popolo. 
Natural size. 



J-/5 



G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXXII 

Alcnritcs iiioluccaiia. 

CANDLE NUT TREE " KUKUI NUT." 

The Kukui tree is easily recognizable from afar off by the pale 
hue of its foliage, which appears to be dusted over with Hour. It 
is a handsome, soft wood, evergreen tree, growing to a height of 
from 40 to 60 feet, and is widely spread over tropical Polynesia, 
and a great part of Malaysia ; and by all branches of the Polyne- 
sian race it is called by the same name : Kukui or Tutui. The Ha- 
waiians tattooed their skins with a black dye which they prepared 
from the juice wdiich is found in the fleshy covering of the green 
fruit. The leaves are alternate, 3 to 5 lobed, pubescent, and have 
long petioles. The yellowish-green flowers are in terminal clus- 
ters. The fruit is spherical, from 1 to 2 inches in diameter, and 
light-green in color, changing to a dull-brown wdien ripe. It 
contains one or more nuts, or seeds, which have a very hard, 
honey shell, the surface of which is uneven hke the shell of a 
walnut. The kernels of this nut, when dried, were strung to- 
gether, or bound on sticks, and served the natives for torches or 
candles : thus the English name of Candlenut Tree. The oil ob- 
tained from the nut was used by the Hawaiians for burning in 
stone lamps. The kernel, when baked, pounded, and mixed with 
salt and Chili peppers, makes a brown paste wdiich is very appe- 
tizing. This is much esteemed by the Hawaiians, who call -t 
" Inamona." 



149 




Plate LXXII. — Candle-nut Tree — " Kukui Nut." 
One third natural size. 



150 



a. p. W. Collection. Plate LXXIII 

Tcrniiiialia Cattapa. 

tropical almond. 

" kamanl" 

Thi>. (lecidiions tree, generally called Kamani by the Havvaiians, 
with its spreading' branches in horizontal whorls or layers, is one 
of the familiar and useful shade trees of these Islands. Leaves 
large, opposite, broadly obovate-obtuse, very short petioled, and 
turning" brilliant shades of red and yellow during the autumn. 
Flowers greenish-white on long" spikes, upper ones staminate, 
the lower ones perfect. The almond-shaped fruit is a compressed 
hard, nut-like body 1 to l^/^ inches long, with a thin outer cover- 
ing which is sweet, and spongy. There is generally one, some- 
times two, small, edible kernels found embedded in the hard body. 
These may be eaten raw, or roasted. 



151 




Plate LXXIII. — Tropical Almond — " KnDuini. 
One half natural size. 



152 



(I. P. W. CoUection. PlATE LXXIV 

Calophyllitm iiiophyllnin. 

" KAMANI." 

This Kamani is a large tropical tree, having shiny, leathery, 
evergreen foliage. Its leaves are obovate, usually niarginate, and 
its white flowers are very fragrant. The fruit, which generally 
conies in clusters, is round, about the size of a large walnut, and 
has a thin. leathery skin which covers a boney shell, inside of 
which is a corky substance surrounding the seed or kernel. This 
tree was an early introduction to these Islands, and is commonly 
seen on our seacoasts. 



153 




Plate LXXIV.— "iiTama^ii." 
One half natural size. 



154 



G. P. W. Collection. Plate LXXV 

Noronhia cmarginaia. 

This tree is a native of Madagascar and also of Mauritius. A 
fine specimen may be seen at the Government Nursery, Honokdu. 
It is a handsome evergreen with entire, cuneate, coriacious leaves, 
having short petioles. The yellowish dowers come in clusters, 
and are quite fragrant. The fruit is a one-celled drupe, almost 
round, and about an inch in diameter. It is purple when ripe, 
and has a tough skin. The sweet, edible pulp surrounds a very 
large seed. 



155 




Plate LXXV. — Noronhia emarginata. 
One lialf natural size. 



156 



G. P. W. Collection. Plate LXXVI 

Cast ail ca saliva. 

JAPANESE CHESTNUT. 

This is a close-headed tree of slender growth, attaining a 
height of from 30 to 50 feet. Its leaves are smaller than those 
of other chestnuts, generally from 3 to 7 inches long, and are 
either rounded at the base or reduced to a long, bristle-like point. 
The monoecious flowers are arranged in long catkins. The 
small burs have a thin, papery lining, and short, widely-branch- 
ing spines. The nuts are large and glossy, usually three in a bur. 
They are somewhat inferior in quality, but are palatable when 
cooked. 

To my knowledge there is but one tree of this variety growing 
in these Islands, and it is to be found on the slopes of Tantalus, 
where it w^as planted by the Department of Agriculture. 



15: 





'A& 


"^WBf 




^^^^w'^ 


^j^^ % ^Ik^'^^^^^^^I^^^A 


X ^Pl 


^Sj^^r"^ 




Ih^8^ 



Plate LXXVI. — Japanese Chestnut. 
One half natural size. 



158 



G. P. W. Collection. PlatE LXXVII 

Inocarpns cdulis. 

TAHITIAN CHESTNUT. 

This tree, which is said to be a native of the Mohiccas, is an 
evergreen of very rapid growth. Its straight trunk, with smooth, 
ashen-grey bark', its spreading branches, with their dense green 
foHage, make a very ornamental as well as usefvil tree. Its 
leaves are alternate and simple. The small, fragrant, pale yellow 
flowers are very numerous. The drupe is obliquely oval, and about 
the size of a goose Qgg, containing a large kernel which is edible 
when roasted, but is not especially palatable. The only trees of 
this variety growing in Hawaii are to be found at Ahuimanu 
Ranch, Oahu, where they fruit regularly, and the seeds germi- 
nate after being in the ground some months. 



159 




Plate LXXVII. — TahitMii Chestnut. 
One third natural size. 



I GO 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE LXXVIII 

Canarium commune. 

CANARY NUT. 

This medium-sized nut-bearing tree is found growing in Java, 
Guam and the PhiHppines, and from any one of those countries 
may have been introduced to Hawaii. A fine specimen may be 
seen at the Government Nursery, Honolulu. Its leaves are al- 
ternate, odd pinnate. The small flowers come in terminal 
panicles. The fruit or nut is ellipsoidal. The thick skin, which 
is purple-colored when ripe, covers a hard, three-lobed stone, 
which differs from a pecan nut only in that it is sharp at each 
end. The kernel is small, sweet and edible. Trees propagated 
from the mature nuts. 



IGI 




Plate hXXyUl. —Canary Nut. 
One half natui-al size. 



16S 



a. v. W. Collection. PlATE LXXIX 

Canarium couiinunc. 
CANARY NUT (rouiid Variety). 

Few trees of this round variety are to be found in Hawaii. Its 
leaves are smaller than those of the preceeding variety, and it 
is a very poor bearer. 




Plate LXXIX. — Canary Nut (round var.) 
One half natural size. 



164 



G. P. ir. Collection. Plate LXXX 

Macadainia t cm if alia. 

QUEENSLAND NUT. 

lliis snb-tropical Australian tree sometimes grows to a height 
of 60 feet, but in Hawaii is of medium size. It is symmetrical and 
handsome^ having dark green, shiny foliage, and long tassel-like 
white flowers. Its glabrous leaves are sessile, oblong, lanceolate, 
serrate, with fine prickly teeth, and come in whorls of 3 to 4, vary- 
ing in length from a few inches to a foot. Flowers small ; fruit 
has a thick, very hard shell, which when ripe is a smooth, shiny 
brown. The kernel is white, crisp and sweet, and has the flavor 
of hazel nuts. It may be eaten either raw or roasted. The tree 
matures its fruit in the Fall months, and is easily propagated from 
tilt fresh nuts. 



165 




Plate LXXX. — Queensland Nut. 
One half nutiiral size. 



166 



G. P. W. CoUection. PlATE LXXXI 

Macadainia sp. 

This variety of the Queensland nut has leaves and fruit larger 
than those of Macadainia tcniifolia. 



167 




Plate LXXXI. — Macadamia sp. 
One half natural size. 



.IG8 



G. P. W. Collection. PlatE LXXXII 

Acglc Mannclos. 

15HEL OR BAEL FRUIT. 

This small spinose tree is a native of tropical Asia, and al- 
though not commonly grown in Hawaii, s]5ecimens may be frjund 
in several gardens. It has alternate trifoliolate leaves, and its 
flowers, which grow in clusters, are small and fragrant. The 
gourd-like fruit, with its hard shell, is from 2 to 4 inches In 
diameter, and is either round or pear-shaped, and although heavy 
and solid, it will float in water. The rind, when ripe, is a yellow- 
ish-brown color, and is studded with oil cells. The interior sur- 
face of the skin is lined with open-mouthed cells, which pour 
their gummy secretions into the interior of the carpel, filling it 
and bathing the seed. The pulp is sweet and aromatic, and is 
esteemed for making conserves, and also as a cooling drink. 

In India, the roots and leaves are used medicinally, llael gum 
is a sticky, astringent substance soluble in water. The fruit con- 
tains several large, flat, woolly seeds, wdiich germinate readily, 
and the plant is also very easily propagated from root cuttings. 



16 [) 




Plate L,XXXU.~Bhel or Bad Fruit. 
One third riitiiral sizo. 



170 



0. P. W. Collection. Plate LXXXIII 

Diospyros dccandra. 

BROWN PERSIMMON. 

This is an evergreen tree rarely found in Hawaii. It has alter- 
nate, irregular, long, narrow leaves, shiny dark-green on the upper 
side, a velvety light-green on the underside, and has a long 
petiole. The branches are brittle, light-green, smooth and shiny 
when young, and after the leaves shed become woody and inclined 
to dry back. 

The trunk and bark of the tree is covered with warty excres- 
ences. The solitary flowers are four-petaled. The edible fruit 
ripens in December, is round, depressed, about 2^/^ inches in 
diameter, in color light-green dotted with numerous white spots. 
^^^^en quite rijDe the thin skin turns to a shiny-brown. The soft 
chocolate colored pulp is sweet and contains from 1 to 8 large flat 
seeds. 



171 




Plate LXXXIII. — Brown Persimmon. 
Natural size. 



ITl^. 



(1. r. w. Collection. Plate LXXXIV 

Lucunia Rivicoa. 

EGG FRUIT. 

This small evergreen t''ee, which is a native of Brazil, is found 
only in one or two gardens in Honolulu. Its leaves are elliptic- 
obovate, resembling' those of the mango. The yellow flowers are 
single, the fruit is the size and shape of a hen's egg, and has the 
flavor of the yolk of an egg sweetened with sugar. It has from 
one to three large seeds, which are easily germinated. 



173 




I'LATE LXXXIV.— EfiTf/ Fruit. 

One third ratural ti_e. 



174 



G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXXXV 

Eriobofrya Japonica. 

LOQUAT. 

The Loquat has been for many years a familiar fruit in our 
gardens, and is a native of China and Japan. It is a low ever- 
green tree with thick foliage, and in congenial climates is a pro- 
fuse bearer. Its leaves are thick, oblong, and remotely toothed 
and grow near the ends of the branches. The white flowers 
grow in clusters, are very fragrant, and the fruit, which also 
ripens in clusters, about Christmas time, is pear-shaped, and has 
an agreeable acid flavor. The seeds are large, and germinate 
readily. Fine grafted and budded varieties have been introduced 
by local horticulturalists. 



175 




Plate LXXXV.— Logwaf. 
One fourth natui-cal size. 



176 



a. P. W. Collection. Plate LXXXVI 

Lite hi Chiiiciisis. 

" LICHEE." 

This tree, with its dense fohage, is a native of Southern China. 
The first tree of this variety was brought to Hawaii by Mr. 
Afong-, and planted at his residence in Xuuanu avenue, Hono- 
kdu, in the year 1870. 

The leaves are alternate, and abruptly pinnate ; the oblong- 
leaflets are not quite opposite. Flowers pale green, small and 
regular, producing bunches of reddish-colored fruits, each about 
the size of a small walnut. They are covered with a parchment- 
like skin having many soft spines. The interior consistss of a 
large seed covered with a whitish pulp of a sweetish acid flavor ; 
this pulp when dried in the shell becomes somewhat shriveled, 
brownish in color, and very sweet. 

The fruiting season is in July, and as there are but few trees 
here that bear, high prices are obtained for this rare fruit, which 
is much prized by the Chinese. Fresh seeds will germinate, 
but it re(|uircs so many years for these seedlings to bear that 
grafted and budded plants are imported from China. 



777 




I'LATE IjXXXVI.—" Lichee." 
One third natural size. 



ns 



a. /'. W. CoUeHion. Plate LXXXVII 

Euphoria Loiii^ana. 

LONGAN. 

This tree is a native of India and Southern China. It pro- 
duces its flowers and fruits at about the same time of year as 
does the Litchi, which it somewhat resembles, although its fruits 
are somewhat smaller and less palatable. The tree grows to a 
height of about 20 feet. It has large, alternate, pinnate leaves, 
and the oblong leaflets are not quite opposite ; they are glossy on 
the u])pcr surface, and a dusty-brown on the underside. The 
small flowers come in terminal panicles ; and the fruit, which is 
borne in clusters, has a thin, brittle, somewhat rough shell. 
There is one large, smooth, hard seed, around which is a thin 
layer of sweetish, aromatic pulp. The best fruits raised here 
are those grown by the Chinese. 



77.9 




Plate LXXX VII. — Longan. 
One third natural size. 



180 



G. P. K. VoUecii.m. PLATE LXXXVIII 

Morns nigra. 

MULBERRY. 

This low-growing tree is a native of southwestern Russia and 
Persia. It has rough, dark-green leaves, usually not lobed. The 
thick, fleshy fruit is variable in size. The mulberry grows readily 
from cuttings. 



181 




Plate LXXX V 1 J T .—M ulberry. 
One third natural size. 



IH^ 



a. P. ir. Collection. Plate LXXXIX 

Gai'ciiiia iiiaiigostaiia. 

.MANC;()STEE\. 

This tree is a native of Sumatra and of the Islands of the 
Eastern Archipelago. It is of medium size, the stem rising to 
a height of about 20 feet : and its branches coming out in regular 
order give the head of the tree the form of a parobola. The 
leaves are about 8 inches long and 4 inches broad at the middle ; 
they are a beautiful green on the upper side and a delicate olive 
on the under side. The flowers resemble a single rose with dark- 
red petals. The fruit is round, about the size of a small orange, 
and has a characteristic persistent calyx. The shell is at first 
green, and when ripe changes to ]iurplish-brown marked with 
yellow spots. The Alangosteen is called the queen of fruits, and 
the tree upon which it is produced is most graceful and beautiful. 

Those who have tasted this fruit in its perfection declare it to 
be indescribably delicious. The Alangosteen must have a hot, 
moist, and fairly equable climate throughout the year. 

Many Mangosteen trees have been brought to Hawaii, and 
have received intelligent care, but they have not thrived well ; 
and have eventually died. Only two have ever produced fruit ; 
one in the garden of Mr. Francis Gay of Kauai, which bears its 
fruit annually, and the other tree at Lahaina, ]\Iaui, in the gar 
den formerly the property of Mr. Harry Turton. 



183 




J'J.ATE LXXXIX. — MangoHtccn. 
Two thirds natural size. 



184 



G. p. w. Collection. Plate XC 

Garciiiia Xaiitlwchymiis. 

This handsome tree is a native of India, and was tirst intro- 
duced to Hawaii by Mr. Albert Jaeger. It has long, narrow, 
leathery leaves of a bright, glossy green. The flowers, which 
have four petals, appear at the axil of the leaves, and the fruit, 
which is about the size of a small quince, has a smooth, thin 
skin, which is yellow when ripe. The firm pulp is golden 
yellow, very juicy, and sour, and the seeds are large. This va- 
riety is common in the Islands, and has often been mistaken for 
the Mangosteen. It ripens its fruit in October and November. 
This variety has been used to inarch the garcina mangostana 
upon. 



185 




Platk XC. — Garcinia Xaiitfiochi/mus. 
One third natural size. 



186 



a. P. Tr. Voltertion. Plate XCI 

Buiichosia sp. 

This tree was doubtless introduced to Hawaii from South 
America. There are only two specimens of its kind growing in 
Honolulu. Its fruits are edible, but not especially palatable. It 
is a small tree liaving terete branches, and its opposite leaves 
are oblong-elliptical, dark-green above and a lighter, somewhat 
glossy-green beneath. The ]ietioles are short. The axillary in- 
florescence comes in long, slender cymes, and the five-petaled 
flowers are yelow. When ripe, the obovate fruit is a purplish- 
yellow, having usually two seeds, and but one seed when abortive. 



187 




Plate XCJ. — Bunchosia sp. 
One hiilf nutural size. 



188 



<l. /'. ir. Collection. PlATE XCII 

Malpigliia glabra. 

BARBADOS CHERRY. 

This small shrub is a native of the West Indies. Its dull-green 
leaves are opposite, ovate and glabrous, either entire or spiny- 
toothed. The rose-colored flowers are axillary and five-petaled. 
The bright red fruit is about the size of a cherry, and has a thin 
skin, and its acid pulp is used for jam and preserves. The seeds 
or stones are large, four-angled, and germinate readily ; plants 
are also produced by cuttings. Though not common in these 
Islands, there are, however, a few specimens of this plant to be 
found in several of the private gardens of Honolulu. 



189 




Plate XCII.— Barbados Cherry. 
Natural size. 



I.'X) 



G. /'. ir. Collection. V\.\Hi XCIll 

'J'licohroina Cacao. 

CHOCOLATK. COCO.S. 

In Hawaii this tropical tree grows to a height of from 
10 to 30 feet. It has large, pointed leaves, and the new 
growth is wine-colored. The flowers appear on the trunk and 
mature branches, and the fruit which follows is about 8 tol2 
inches long, and is called the pod ; inside of this pod are beans or 
seeds, from which the commercial product called cocoa is made, 
through a process of drying and curing. Chocolate is the term 
used for the sweetened preparations of the roasted and ground 
beans, with a large proportion of the original fat retained. Cocoa 
preparations are the same material in fine powder, sweetened and 
unsweetened, with a greater part of the fat extracted. 

Cacao cultivation has never been successfully atteiupted in Ha- 
waii. However, a few isolated trees can be found at Ahuimami 
R.anch, ( )ahu, where they were ])lf,nted by the Catholic brothers 
as an experiment some years ago. 



191 




Plate XCni.— Chocolate, Cocoa. 
One fourth natural size. 



IDS 



G. P. W. Collection. Pl\TE XCIV 

Hibiscus Sabdariffa. 

ROSELLE. 

This bush or shrub is a showy annual growing- to a height of 
from 5 to 7 feet. The stems are reddish, and the pale yellow 
flowers solitary. The leaves are palmate and of a light-green 
color. It is widely cultivated in the tropics, in Florida, and in 
Southern California ; and also thrives in Hawaii. The dark 
crimson calyces are very fleshy and make excellent jelly, which 
has somewhat the flavor of the cranberry. 




Plate XCiV. — Koseue. 
One third natiii-al size. 



104 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE XCV 

Monstcra dcliciosa. 

The Monstera deliciosa, one of the grandest of arid plants, is 
a native of the mountainous regions of Guatamala and Brazil. 
It climbs to a height of 12 or more feet, and its leaf stalks are 
often 3 feet long. It obtains nourishment from the tree upon 
which it attaches itself. Its leaves are huge and perforated.- As 
the plant climbs, the stems emit aerial roots, many of which never 
reach the ground. The fruit which has the appearance of an 
elongated pine-cone, grows to a length of from 6 to 12 inches, 
and is aljout 2j/2 inches in diameter. 

The rind is composed of plates which may be detached when 
the fruit is quite ripe. It is green in color until it ripens, when 
there appears a slight tinge of yellow. The creamy-white pulp 
has a most declicious flavor, somewhat resembling the banana, 
and also like the pineapple. It requires 18 months to mature the 
fruit. Propagation is by cuttings. 



195 




Plate XC\ .—Monstem ddiciosa. 
One foui'tli iKitural size. 



106 



a. /'. W doUerlion. Plate XCVI 

Anacardiinii occidcntalc. 

CASHEW NUT. 

This spreading- tree is a native of the West Indies ; and al- 
though it is seen in several gardens of our Islands, it is not com- 
mon. The first tree of its kind was planted by Mr. Henry Davis 
in his grounds at Punahou. The tree grows to a height of from 
15 to 20 feet. The light-green, leathery leaves are oval and 
rough, its pink flowers have a peculiar, strong fragrance. The 
fruit consists of two distinct parts ; the heart-shaped nut or seed 
and the fleshy, pear-shaped receptacle to which it is attached. This 
receptacle is from 2 to 4 inches long, is either red or yellow, and 
is very juicy and astringent. The nut or seed is edible when 
roasted. It is much appreciated in the West Indies. While being 
roasted the fumes are said to be poisonous. 



197 




Plate XCYl.— Cashew Nut. 
One half natural size. 



198 



G. P. W. Collection. PlaTE XCVII 

Zicil^lius Jitjiiba. 

" JUJUBE." 

This tree, which grows to a height of from 15 to 20 feet, is a 
native of China, from which country it was probably introduced 
to these Islands. Its branches are usually prickly ; the leaves, 
which are from 1 to 3 inches in length, are alternate, ovate to 
oblong, obtuse, and are dark green and glabrous above, and 
tawny and nearly white beneath. The flowers are axillary. The 
yellow fruit, which ripens in March, is about the size of a cherry. 
When eaten raw, it has a bitter flavor, but it makes an excellent 
preserve. 



n)9 




Plate XCVII. — ' ' Jujube. 
One half natural size. 



200 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE XCVIII 

Phylhinthiis cmblica. 

There is but one tree of this species that has ever fruited in 
Honoluhi. It is to be found growing in the grounds of the 
Royal Mausoleum, Xuuanu \'alley. It is of medium height, 
having a crooked trunk, and its thin, scattered branches grow 
irregularly. The numerovts alternate leaves are pinnate, the ob- 
tuse leaflets growing close together, and are from one-half to 
three-fourths of an inch in length. Its minute flowers are green- 
ish-yellow. The round, six-striated fruit is smooth and fleshy, 
and three-fourths to one inch in diameter. The seeds are en- 
closed in three or more obovate cells, each cell containing two 
seeds. The pulp is hard and bitter, but when cooked makes an 
excellent ])reserve. 




Plate XCVIII. — Phyllanthus emblica. 
One half natural size. 



a. p. \y. Colleclion. Pl.ATE XCIX 

Plillaiiflius distichus. 

OTAHEITI GOOSEBERRY. 

This is a low-growing tree having large pinnate leaves with 
acute, alternate leaflets, which are about one to two inches in 
length. Its flowers grow on separate branches below the foliage. 
The fleshy, green fruit, which is borne in long clusters, is acid 
and astringent, but when made into preserves or pickles is pala- 
table. The root and seeds have medicinal qualities. There is 
but one tree of this species in Honolulu. It is growing in the 
warden of ^Ir. \Vm. Wolters. 




Plate XV IX. — Otaheiti Gooseberry. 
One half natural size. 



204 



G. P. W. CoUectiou. PlATE C 

Olca Europea. 

OLIVE. 

The Olive, which is a native of Southwestern Asia, is not a tree 
of an\' great height, but is very longhvetl. and yields prolifically. 
Although not cultivated to any extent, the Olive has been grow- 
ing in Hawaii for many years. However, it has fruited only in 
a few favorable localities, and nothing has ever been done to 
test its value commercially. 

The tree thrives best in a warm, dry atmosphere, where the 
soil is rich and well drained. Long-continued droughts so detri- 
mental to most plants will affect the Olive but slightly. The tree 
requires judicious pruning immediately after the fruit is gath- 
ered, when the sap is comparatively at rest. The small, thick 
leaves are lanceolate, opposite, and usually entire ; they are dull 
green above and silvery beneath. The small white flowers, which 
come in panicles, are usually imperfect. The fruit is a small, 
ellipsoid drupe, which is bluish-black when ripe. Its oil is 
an important product. The Olive may be propagated from 
seeds, cuttings, layers, suckers and pieces of the old stumps. The 
seeds require some time to germinate, and the growth of the 
young plant is slow. 



205 




Plate C. — OVvvc. 
One lia'.f natural size. 



£06 



G. P. TT. Collection. Plate CI 

Vitis Lahrnsca. 

" ISABELLA GRAPE." 

This variety of grape was early introduced to these Islands, 
and has become very popular. It is a hardy vine, variable in 
productiveness, and is practically the only grape grown in any 
quantity in Hawaii. The leaves are of medium size, often round- 
ish and thick; their upper surface is dark-green, the under sur- 
face is whitish-green. The Isabella is an attractive blue-black 
grape, bearing in large, well-formed clusters, having a thick 
bloom. The muskiness of the thick skin is somewhat objection- 
al)le. 



207 




Plate CI. — "ImbcUa Grape. 
Ont" ha:( natural size. 



SOS 



a. /'. n'. Colii-ciion. Plate Cll 

Pyrus Sine use. 

SAND PEAR. 

This tree is a vigorous and clean grower, having strong, 
thick shoots, beautiful foliage, and very ornamental fruit. The 
dark-green leaves are broadly ovate, and long-pointed, with their 
margins thickly furnished with very sharp, almost bristle-like 
teeth. The large white flowers appear rather in advance of the 
leaves. The fruit is hard and rough, about 2^^ inches in diam- 
eter, with generally a depression about the stem. The flesh is 
tough and gritty, but is very delicious when baked. Propagation 
is by cuttings. 



SOD 




Plate CII. — Sand Pear. 
One half natural size. 



sw 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE CIII 

Passiflora quad ran gitlaris. 

GRENADILLA VINE. 

This tall, strong climer is a native of tropical America. Its 
leaves are broadly ovate, and the strong stems are pnrplish in 
color. The large, interesting flowers are from 3 to 5 inches 
across. The sepals are linear and violet shaded, the petals are 
very narrow and lilac. The many rows of filaments in the crown 
are violet with bars of white below the middle, the inner and 
shorter set being deep violet. The oblong fruit attains a size 
from 5 to 9 inches in length, and in color is a pale, yellowish 
green. The suculent. edible pnlp of its hollow center has an 
agreeable sub-acid flavor, and contains many flat seeds. This 
vine bears well where there are bees ; artificial fertilization also 
increases the number of its fruits. 



211 




Plate CIII. — GrenadiUa Vine. 

One half natural size. 



2\2 



a. I'. W. Collection. PlATE CIV 

Passifloni cdiilis. 

PURPLE WATER LEMOX. 
" LILIKOI." 

This strong, woody vine is native of Brazil, and is naturalized 
in most tropical countries. Its first introduction to these islands 
was at Lilikoi, district of Makawao. Maui, whence its native 
name. Its serrate leaves are large and deeply three-lobed; the 
white flowers are tinted with purple. The fruit is oblong, glob- 
ular, and when ripe is purple in color ; its shell-like skin is thick 
and crisp. The orange-colored edible pulp is very fragrant, and is 
filled with small seeds, which germinate readily. 



213 




Plate CIV. — ■Purple Water Lemon — "Lilikoi. 
One half natural size. 



(I. r. \V. Collection. I'latK (^V 

Passi flora laiiri folia. 

YELLOW WATER LEMON. 

This strong-growing', glabrous vine, climbing by tendrils, is a 
native of tropical America. The date when it was intro- 
duced to Hawaii, and by whom, is not known ; but in the Hilo 
and Hamakua districts of Hawaii this variety grows wild. Its 
thick leaves are oval, oblong and entire, and have a short, sharp 
point. The flowers are about 2j/^ inches across, are white, with 
red spots on them. The fruit is slightly oblong, 2 inches in di- 
ameter, and very regular in size and shape. When ri])e, it is 
yellow spotted with white. It has a medium-hard shell or skin, 
and the edible pulp is whitish-yellow, and contains many flat, 
black seeds. 



215 




Plate CV. — Yelloiv Water Lemon. 
One third natural size. 



£16 



G. P. ir. coih'rtion. Plate CVI 

Passiflora alata. 

This is a strong, vigorous vine, very suitable for arbors and 
trellises. It is not commonly found in Hawaii ; however, a very 
fine specimen of its kind is growing in Dr. St. D. G. Walter's 
garden in Honolulu. The leaves are oval to ovate, the petioles 
having two glands. The fragrant purple flowers are about two 
inches in diameter. The ovoid-pointed fruit has a tough, leathery 
shell which, when green, is six-striated, with white stripes ; when 
quite ripe the fruit is a dull orange-yellow. The numerous seeds 
are imbedded in the juicy, scented pulp, which is aromatic and 
delicious. Propagation is by seed and by cuttings. 



217 




Plate CYl.—Passiflora alata. 
Or.e half natural size. 



^IS 



G. P. w. Coih'ction. Plate CVJI 

Pass/flora, var. foetida. 

This strong and hardy vine grows well on arbors and trellises. 
Its leaves are three-cleft, and have long petioles ; and spiral ten- 
drils spring from the axils. The single, pale-green flowers are 
surrounded by a green, lace-like covering. The fruit is nearly 
globular, and slightly pointed ; it is about three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter, and when ripe is a bright scarlet. 




Plate CYll.—PassiJIora, var. fact id a. 
Two thirds natural size. 



220 



G. P. w. Collection. Plate CVIII 

Cereus triangularis. 

NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS. 

Although this plant with its wonderful nocturnal blossoms may 
be found growing almost everywhere in the Islands, the best 
^^pecimens of its kind may be seen on the stone walls of Oahu 
College. The beautiful creamy flowers with their yellow centers 
are large, about a foot long, and when in full bloom about the 
same in diameter. The tube is covered with large, leaf-like green 
scales. The fruit, which is about 3^ inches long and 2 inches in 
diameter, is covered with persistent, large, fleshy scales which 
are scarlet colored when ripe, and the interior pulp is edible and 
refreshing. Fruit, however, upon the night-blooming cereus in 
Hawaii is rather rare, although a few fine specimens have ma- 
tured . 



221 




Plate VYlll.—NigM-Bloommg Cercus. 
Two thirds natural size. 



G. P. W. Collection. Plate CIX 

Kigclia pinnata. 

SAUSAGE TREE. 

This medium-sized and very handsome shade tree is a native 
of tropical Africa. It was probably introduced to Hawaii by Dr. 
Hillebrand. A fine tree of this species is growing in Mrs. Fos- 
ter's garden, Nuuanu avenue. It has large pinnate leaves, and 
panicles of purple flowers. The peculiar rough, grey, oblong 
fruits hang from a long stem, and present an odd appearance. 
This tree and also one other of the same variety growing in the 
grounds of the Queen's Hospital, very rarely set their fruit. Be- 
cause of the difficulty of obtaining seeds, the sausage tree has not 
hi. en widelv distributed. 




Plate ClX.Sausage Tree. 
One fourth natural size. 



G. P. W. Collection. Plate CX 

Phoenix dactylifcra. 

THE DATE TALM. 

The date, which is a native of North Africa, Arabia, and Per- 
sia, is a noble pahn, often growing to a height of from 80 to 100 
feet. It is of remarkable longevity, and will continue to produce 
fruit even at the age of a hundred years. The neighborhood of 
the sea is considereed unfavorable to their production, although 
they will luxuriate in satlish soil and bear well when brackish 
water is used. 

Many varieties of dates exist, the fruit differing in shape, size 
and color. They will grow from seeds, although the superior 
varieties can be continued only from off-shoots of the root. These 
will commence to bear in five years. In Asia, the growers of the 
commercial date find it necessary to pollinate artificially by hang- 
ing sprays of the male flowers in the branches of the fruit-bear- 
ing trees. There are no imported trees bearing in Hawaii, and 
although there are many date trees in Honolulu, artificial pollina- 
tion would doubtless greatly increase the yield and the quality of 
the fruit. 




Plate L'X.—Thc Late Palm. 
One half Tiatural size. 



<T. P. W. Collection. Plate CXI 

Phoenix dactylifcra. 
DATE (red and yellow variety). 

The accompanying cut shows fruit from two of the best date 
trees in Honolulu, and it is curious to note that both of them were 
grown from seeds taken from packages of dried dates purchased 
from a local sfrocer. 




Plate CXI.— Date (red and yellow var.) 
One third natural size. 



G. P. TT. Collection. PLATE CXII 

Acrocomia sp. 

This interestinij palm is seldom seen in Hawaii ; there being 
but two specimens of its kind that have produced fruit in Hono- 
lulu. Its stem is capitately thickened at the j^ersistent bases of 
the armed petioles. The glaucous leaves are pari-pinnate with 
narrow, lanceolate, accuminate segments, having a prominent 
mid-rib. 

The inflorescence is simple and branching. The fruit is ar- 
ranged similar to that of Cocos. each about three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter, sub-globose with a pointed apex. When ripe, 
it is a bright yellow, and its juicy, edible pulp has the flavor of 
apricots. 



2SD 




1'latk (JXII. — Avrocomia sp. 
One half natural size. 



230 



G. P. TT'. Collection. PlATE CXIII 

Cocos nucifcra. 

COCOANUT PALM. 

" NIU." 

The original home of this widely-diffused tree is not positively 
known. Some writers say it is indigenous to the islands of the 
Indian Ocean ; others show that in all probability it is of Ameri- 
ican origin. On account of its buoyant husk and impervious 
shell, it was enabled to drift across the oceans without losing its 
germinating" power, and in this manner was widely dispersed. It 
is strictly a tropical plant, and grows naturally on the seashore, 
or in its immediate vicinity. 

It has pinnate leaves about 12 to 18 feet long, and the inflor- 
escense first appears in a cylindrical sheath, which splits length- 
wise, exposing" long sprays of male flowers, and near the base 
generally one female flower, which is much larger, and eventually 
develops into a fruit. The picture shows both forms of flowers, as 
well as a young nut. and also a mature cocoanut. Propagation 
is by means of the nut alone, which must be thoroughly ripe 
before planting. The outer husk must be left on, germination 
taking place at the largest eye ; sometimes two eyes may sprout, 
and twin trees grow from these. Many varieties have been im- 
ported from islands of the Pacific, Ceylon, West Indies, and Cen- 
tral America. The cocoanut is not raised in Hawaii for com- 
mercial purposes. 




Plate CXIII. — Cocoanut Palm — "Niu." 

One half natural size. 



a. I', jr. Coiuction. Plate CXIV 

Cordia coUoccoca. 

CLAMMY CHERRY. 

This low tree, with its spreading branches, is a native of the 
West Indies, and is rarely met with in these Islands ; there being 
but two trees of its kind known to me, one growing at the Old 
Plantation, Honolulu, the other at Honouliuli Ranch, Oahu. The 
whitish branches are very brittle. The leaves are obovate, oblong, 
glabrous above and shiny beneath. The subsessile flowers are 
whiteish-purple. The fruit, which is half inch in diameter, is 
bluntly pointed and smooth. The fleshy pulp is sticky, and ad- 
heres to the single seed. This plant may be grown from seeds 
and from cuttino-s. 




Plate CXIY. —Clammy Cherry. 
One half natural size. 



G. P. W. Collection. Plate CXV 

Flacourfia cataphracta. 

This tree, which is a native of the IVIalay Islands and China, 
was introduced to Hawaii by Mr. Albert Jaeger. There is but 
one tree which has borne fruit ; this is growing at the Old Plan- 
tation, Honolulu, Oahu. The tree, which is about 25 feet high, 
has dense foliage ; the leaves are small, oblong, lanceolate, gla- 
brous, having short petioles. Flowers very small, dioceous ; the 
fruit about the size of a common grape, is purple when ripe, and 
has a pleasant sub-acid flavor. It contains a few flatish seeds. 




Plate CXV. — Flacourtia catapliracta. 
One half natural size. 



a. I'. W. Collerlum. Plate CXVI 

Atalantia hitxifolia. 

This small tree of dwarfish habit is from tropical Asia. It is 
closely related to the orange, and has large thorns. Its simple 
leaves are alternate, coriaceous, emarginate, and from 1 to 1^ 
inches in length. The petioles are short. The small, solitary 
flowers have five petals. The berry is globose and three-quarters 
of an inch in diameter. When ripe, it is a shiny black, and has 
a thick skin. The pulp has somewhat the flavor of a lime, and the 
seeds are generally 1 to 5 in number. The only specimens of 
this tree in Hawaii are growing in the garden of "Sirs. Foster ; 
they, presumably, were introduced by Dr. Hillebrand, as these 
gardens formerly belonged to him. 




Plate CXVI. — Atalantia buxifolia. 

One liulf natural size. 



^8 



G. P. W. Collection. PlatE CXVII 

Bitmclia sp. 

This large shrub is a native of India. Its alternate, entire, 
obovate leaves have short petioles ; they are glabrous and are 
about 4 to 8 inches in length. The small flowers are light pink. 
The small, globose fruits grow in bunches ; these are purple 
when ripe, but are not edible. The only tree of its kind in Hono- 
lulue is growing in the grounds of the Queen's Hospital. 




Plate CXYII.—Bumelia sp. 
Natural size. 



240 



a. i: w. Collection. Plate CXVIII 

Ochrosia clliptica. 

This plant grows in the Pacific Islands, Alalay Peninsula, Cey- 
lon, and Australia ; and on account of its handsome scarlet fruit 
is cultivated as an ornament, as the fruit is not edible. The tree 
is a small evergreen, having alternate, glabrous, coriaceous leaves 
which are crowded at the ends of the stout branches. The small, 
white flowers have five petals. The fruit consists usually of two, 
rarely one, spreading scarlet drupes, each containing a large 
seed. The first specimen of its kind in Hawaii was planted at the 
Government Nursery, Honolulu, where is is still growing. 



Sil 




Plate CXVIII. — Ochrosia elliptica. 

One half natural size. 



^4^ 



a. p. W. Collection. Pl.ATE CXIX 

A lianas sativus. 

PINEAPPLE. 

This variety of the pineapjile ])lant was grown at an early date 
in these Islands, and until the new and si:)ineless forms were in- 
troduced was the only (juality offered in the fruit markets. It is 
now cultivated but little, and is often found growing" wild. The 
rosette at the head of the fleshy fruit has numerous thorny leaves. 
The fruit is much smaller than those of the thornless varieties, 
but it has a verv sweet flavor. 



243 




Plate CXIX. — Pine apple. 

One lialf natural size. 



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G. P. ir. Cnllectiori. PLATE ("XX. 

Opuntia Tiiiui. 

PRICKLY PEAR " PANINI." 

This erect, wide-spreading {)lant was early introduced to these 
Islands from ]\Iexico. It thrives well in arid lands, and in times 
of drought its succulent, fleshy leaves and juicy fruit are eaten 
by cattle. The plants, when old, become hard and woody, hav- 
uig many stout spines. The large flowers are redd!sh-yellovv, 
and the obovate, truncate fruit is a purplish-red, having a thick 
fibrous skin, which is covered with fine bristles. The edible pulp 
is reddish-purple and contains numerous seeds. 



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Plate CXX. — Pricliy Pear — " Paiiini." 
One half natural size. 



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(1. P. ir. cilcction. Plate CXXI. 

Prosopis Jul if or a. 

ALt;AR01!A " KIAWE." 

The Kiawe deserves a special mention in this book, as it is, 
in my opinion, one of the most valuable and beautiful trees that 
grows in the Hawaiian Islands. Perha]:)S on account of its very 
general disseiuination, and because of the ease with which it 
spreads spontaneously, even in the driest districts, it has re- 
ceived less consideration than has been accorded to other plants 
more difficult of propagation. 

The Kiawe is the foundation of all the beauty of our lowlands, 
and provides a delicate background for other plants. Under 
favorable circumstances, it reaches to a height of 50 feet. It 
has wide-spreading branches and delicate-green foliage. The 
flowers yiekl a delicious honey, and the seed-pods furnish a valu- 
able fodder, and, finally, when the tree is cut down, its wood 
makes the very best of fuel. The Algaroba is a native of Cen- 
tral and South America. Ordinarily it is a moderate-sized tree 
of quick and easy growth. Its branches in most cases are 
covered with stout, cylindrical, axillary spines, and in other cases 
they are unarmed. 

The abruptly bi-pinnate leaves have from 6 to 30 pairs of linear 
leaflets about one-fourth to one inch in length. The small, pale- 
yellow flowers come in cylindrical spikes. The straight or sickle- 
shaped seed-pod is sweet, and is eaten by stock. Propagation 
is by seed. 

The first Algaroba tree of Hawaii was brought to Honolulu 
in 1828 by Father i'achelot, founder of the Roman Catholic Mis- 
sion in the Islands. It was planted in the Mission garden, where 
the venerable tree "is standing today. 




Plate CXXI. — Algaroha—' ' Kiawe. 



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